scholarly journals Alterations in Galanin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach Following Acrylamide Supplementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Double Labelling Immunohistochemistry

In recent years, a significant increase in the consumption of products containing large amounts of acrylamide (e.g., chips, fries, coffee), especially among young people has been noted. The present study was created to establish the impact of acrylamide supplementation, in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose and a dose ten times higher than TDI, on the population of galanin-like immunoreactive (GAL-LI) stomach neurons in pigs. Additionally, in the present study, the possible functional co-operation of GAL with other neuroactive substances and their role in acrylamide intoxication was investigated. Using double-labelling immunohistochemistry, alterations in the expression of GAL were examined in the porcine stomach enteric neurons after low and high doses of acrylamide supplementation. Generally, upregulation in GAL-LI immunoreactivity in both myenteric and submucous plexuses was noted in all stomach fragments studied. Additionally, the proportion of GAL-expressing cell bodies simultaneously immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) also increased. The results suggest neurotrophic or/and neuroprotective properties of GAL and possible co-operation of GAL with VIP, nNOS, CART in the recovery processes in the stomach enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons following acrylamide intoxication.

scholarly journals Influence of Acrylamide Administration on the Neurochemical Characteristics of Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Harmful Action ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The digestive tract, especially the small intestine, is one of the main routes of acrylamide absorption and is therefore highly exposed to the toxic effect of acrylamide contained in food. The aim of this experiment was to elucidate the effect of low (tolerable daily intake—TDI) and high (ten times higher than TDI) doses of acrylamide on the neurochemical phenotype of duodenal enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons using the pig as an animal model. The experiment was performed on 15 immature gilts of the Danish Landrace assigned to three experimental groups: control (C) group—pigs administered empty gelatine capsules, low dose (LD) group—pigs administered capsules with acrylamide at the TDI dose (0.5 μg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day), and the high dose (HD) group—pigs administered capsules with acrylamide at a ten times higher dose than the TDI (5 μg/kg b.w./day) with a morning feeding for 4 weeks. Administration of acrylamide, even in a low (TDI) dose, led to an increase in the percentage of enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT) in the porcine duodenum. The severity of the changes clearly depended on the dose of acrylamide and the examined plexus. The obtained results suggest the participation of these neuroactive substances in acrylamide-inducted plasticity and the protection of ENS neurons, which may be an important line of defence from the harmful action of acrylamide.

scholarly journals The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) Affects the Enteric Neurons Immunoreactive to Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Large Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Szymańska ◽  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Sławomir Gonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Neuregulin 1 ◽  
Proinflammatory Activity ◽  
High Doses ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is characterized by complex organization and a high degree of neurochemical diversity of neurons. One of the less known active neuronal substances found in the enteric neurons is neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a factor known to be involved in the assurance of normal development of the nervous system. During the study, made up using the double immunofluorescence technique, the presence of NRG1 in the ENS of the selected segment of porcine large intestine (caecum, ascending and descending colon) was observed in physiological conditions, as well as under the impact of low and high doses of bisphenol A (BPA) which is commonly used in the production of plastics. In control animals in all types of the enteric plexuses, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons oscillated around 20% of all neurons. The administration of BPA caused an increase in the number of NRG1-positive neurons in all types of the enteric plexuses and in all segments of the large intestine studied. The most visible changes were noted in the inner submucous plexus of the ascending colon, where in animals treated with high doses of BPA, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons amounted to above 45% of all neuronal cells. The mechanisms of observed changes are not entirely clear, but probably result from neurotoxic, neurodegenerative and/or proinflammatory activity of BPA and are protective and adaptive in nature.

Distribution and chemical coding patterns of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons in the enteric nervous system of the porcine stomach cardia

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rękawek ◽  
P. Sobiech ◽  
S. Gonkowski ◽  
K. Żarczyńska ◽  
A. Snarska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Labelling Immunofluorescence

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons and co-localisation of CART with vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and leu-enkephalin (LENK) in the enteric nervous system of the porcine gastric cardia by using a double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. CART-LI neurons were observed in the myenteric plexus (18.2±2.6%). A dense network of CART-LI nerve fibers was mainly observed in the muscular layer. CART showed co-localization mainly with VAChT, n-NOS, VIP and to a lesser degree with LENK and SP. Distribution of CART and its co-localization with other neurotransmitters suggest that this peptide plays an important role in gastric motility in the pig.

scholarly journals Nitrergic and Substance P Immunoreactive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Intestine

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057
Author(s):  
Cristiano Bombardi ◽  
Anna Maria Rambaldi ◽  
Giorgia Galiazzo ◽  
Fiorella Giancola ◽  
Jean-Marie Graïc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Cetacean Species ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Compared with other mammals, the digestive system of cetaceans presents some remarkable anatomical and physiological differences. However, the neurochemical features of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in these animals have only been described in part. The present study gives a description of the nitrergic and selected peptidergic systems in the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) of the intestine of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The distribution and morphology of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and Substance P (SP) were immunohistochemically studied in formalin-fixed specimens from the healthy intestine of three animals, and the data were compared with those described in the literature on other mammals (human and non-human). In bottlenose dolphins, the percentages of nitrergic neurons (expressed as median and interquartile range—IQR) were 28% (IQR = 19–29) in the MP and 1% (IQR = 0–2) in the SMP, while the percentages of SP-IR neurons were 31% (IQR = 22–37) in the MP and 41% (IQR = 24–63) in the SMP. Although morphological features of nNOS- and SP-IR neurons were similar to those reported in other mammals, we found some noticeable differences in the percentages of enteric neurons. In fact, we detected a lower proportion of nNOS-IR neurons in the SMP and a higher proportion of SP-IR neurons in the MP compared to other mammals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first description and quantification of nNOS-IR neurons and the first quantification of SP-IR neurons in the intestine of a cetacean species. As nNOS and SP are important mediators of intestinal functions and the nitrergic population is an important target for many neuroenteropathies, data obtained from a healthy intestine provide a necessary basis to further investigate and understand possible functional differences and motor intestinal dysfunctions/alterations in these special mammals.

scholarly journals Gastric Electrical Stimulation Increases The Proliferation of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Alters Enteric Nervous System in Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Wang ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Le Zhao ◽  
Tao Gao ◽  
Xia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Interstitial Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Gastric Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Cells Of Cajal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Lack of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neuropathy were the most possible pathological mechanisms of diabetic gastroparesis. Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a promising way to treat gastroparesis. The aims of the present study were to explore the impact of GES on ICC together with enteric neurons in diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms involved.Methods: Sixty rats were randomized into the normal rats, diabetic rats (DM), diabetic rats with sham GES (DM+SGES), and three diabetic rats with GES (DM+GES1, DM+GES2 and DM+GES3). The proliferation of ICC and expressions of 5-HT2B, nNOS, CHAT, PGP9.5 and GDNF were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining or Western blot. The expressions of 5-HT in blood and tissue were determined by ELISA.Results: (1) The proliferation of ICC was hardly observed in the DM group together with the DM+SGES group but increased in the three DM+GES groups. (2) The expression of 5-HT2B was decreased in the DM group and enhanced in the DM+GES groups. Similarly, the expressions of 5-HT in the blood and distal stomach tissue were increased in the DM+GES groups. (3) Both nNOS labeled neurons and CHAT positive neurons were reduced in myenteric plexus of the DM group, while plenty of these neurons were observed the DM+GES groups. (4) The expression of GDNF protein in the diabetic rats was down-regulated, while GES increased the expression of GDNF.Conclusion: GES improves the proliferation of ICC possibly related with 5-HT/5-HT2B signal pathway, and alters enteric nervous system 52 partly though the GDNF expression.

Inhibitory effect of melatonin on nitric oxide synthase in rat enteric nervous system

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A176-A176
Author(s):  
P KOPPITZ ◽  
M STORR ◽  
D SAUR ◽  
M KURJAK ◽  
H ALLESCHER
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Oxide Synthase

scholarly journals Automated computational analysis reveals structural changes in the enteric nervous system of nNOS deficient mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben R. Cairns ◽  
Benjamin Jevans ◽  
Atchariya Chanpong ◽  
Dale Moulding ◽  
Conor J. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Computational Image Analysis

AbstractNeuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neurons play a fundamental role in inhibitory neurotransmission, within the enteric nervous system (ENS), and in the establishment of gut motility patterns. Clinically, loss or disruption of nNOS neurons has been shown in a range of enteric neuropathies. However, the effects of nNOS loss on the composition and structure of the ENS remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the structural and transcriptional consequences of loss of nNOS neurons within the murine ENS. Expression analysis demonstrated compensatory transcriptional upregulation of pan neuronal and inhibitory neuronal subtype targets within the Nos1−/− colon, compared to control C57BL/6J mice. Conventional confocal imaging; combined with novel machine learning approaches, and automated computational analysis, revealed increased interconnectivity within the Nos1−/− ENS, compared to age-matched control mice, with increases in network density, neural projections and neuronal branching. These findings provide the first direct evidence of structural and molecular remodelling of the ENS, upon loss of nNOS signalling. Further, we demonstrate the utility of machine learning approaches, and automated computational image analysis, in revealing previously undetected; yet potentially clinically relevant, changes in ENS structure which could provide improved understanding of pathological mechanisms across a host of enteric neuropathies.

scholarly journals Dopamine Transporter Genetic Reduction Induces Morpho-Functional Changes in the Enteric Nervous System

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Silvia Cerantola ◽  
Valentina Caputi ◽  
Gabriella Contarini ◽  
Maddalena Mereu ◽  
Antonella Bertazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Neurochemical Coding ◽  
The Impact

Antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics are indeed commonly used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders, although the precise role of dopaminergic transmission in the gut is still unclear. Since dopamine transporter (DAT) is involved in several brain disorders by modulating extracellular dopamine in the central nervous system, this study evaluated the impact of DAT genetic reduction on the morpho-functional integrity of mouse small intestine enteric nervous system (ENS). In DAT heterozygous (DAT+/−) and wild-type (DAT+/+) mice (14 ± 2 weeks) alterations in small intestinal contractility were evaluated by isometrical assessment of neuromuscular responses to receptor and non-receptor-mediated stimuli. Changes in ENS integrity were studied by real-time PCR and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations (). DAT genetic reduction resulted in a significant increase in dopamine-mediated effects, primarily via D1 receptor activation, as well as in reduced cholinergic response, sustained by tachykininergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission via NMDA receptors. These functional anomalies were associated to architectural changes in the neurochemical coding and S100β immunoreactivity in small intestine myenteric plexus. Our study provides evidence that genetic-driven DAT defective activity determines anomalies in ENS architecture and neurochemical coding together with ileal dysmotility, highlighting the involvement of dopaminergic system in gut disorders, often associated to neurological conditions.

scholarly journals Transplantation of enteric nervous system stem cells rescues nitric oxide synthase deficient mouse colon

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor J. McCann ◽  
Julie E. Cooper ◽  
Dipa Natarajan ◽  
Benjamin Jevans ◽  
Laura E. Burnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Deficient Mouse ◽  
Mouse Colon ◽  
Oxide Synthase

In ovo transplantation of enteric nervous system precursors from vagal to sacral neural crest results in extensive hindgut colonisation

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 2785-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Burns ◽  
Jean-Marie M. Delalande ◽  
Nicole M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Sacral Region ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Migration Front ◽  
Sacral Neural Crest

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cells (NCC). Within the embryonic avian gut, vagal NCC migrate in a rostrocaudal direction to form the majority of neurons and glia along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, whereas sacral NCC migrate in an opposing caudorostral direction, initially forming the nerve of Remak, and contribute a smaller number of ENS cells primarily to the distal hindgut. In this study, we have investigated the ability of vagal NCC, transplanted to the sacral region of the neuraxis, to colonise the chick hindgut and form the ENS in an experimentally generated hypoganglionic hindgut in ovo model. Results showed that when the vagal NC was transplanted into the sacral region of the neuraxis, vagal-derived ENS precursors immediately migrated away from the neural tube along characteristic pathways, with numerous cells colonising the gut mesenchyme by embryonic day (E) 4. By E7, the colorectum was extensively colonised by transplanted vagal NCC and the migration front had advanced caudorostrally to the level of the umbilicus. By E10, the stage at which sacral NCC begin to colonise the hindgut in large numbers, myenteric and submucosal plexuses in the hindgut almost entirely composed of transplanted vagal NCC, while the migration front had progressed into the pre-umbilical intestine, midway between the stomach and umbilicus. Immunohistochemical staining with the pan-neuronal marker, ANNA-1, revealed that the transplanted vagal NCC differentiated into enteric neurons, and whole-mount staining with NADPH-diaphorase showed that myenteric and submucosal ganglia formed interconnecting plexuses, similar to control animals. Furthermore, using an anti-RET antibody, widespread immunostaining was observed throughout the ENS, within a subpopulation of sacral NC-derived ENS precursors, and in the majority of transplanted vagal-to-sacral NCC. Our results demonstrate that: (1) a cell autonomous difference exists between the migration/signalling mechanisms used by sacral and vagal NCC, as transplanted vagal cells migrated along pathways normally followed by sacral cells, but did so in much larger numbers, earlier in development; (2) vagal NCC transplanted into the sacral neuraxis extensively colonised the hindgut, migrated in a caudorostral direction, differentiated into neuronal phenotypes, and formed enteric plexuses; (3) RET immunostaining occurred in vagal crest-derived ENS cells, the nerve of Remak and a subpopulation of sacral NCC within hindgut enteric ganglia.

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