scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suet Yen Chong ◽  
Choon Keong Lee ◽  
Chenyuan Huang ◽  
Yi Hsuan Ou ◽  
Christopher J. Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Technological Advantage

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communication has stimulated renewed interest in exploring the potential application of EVs as tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in CVD. The ubiquitous nature of EVs in biological fluids presents a technological advantage compared to current diagnostic tools by virtue of their notable stability. EV contents, such as proteins and microRNAs, represent specific signatures of cellular activation or injury. This feature positions EVs as an alternative source of biomarkers. Furthermore, their intrinsic activity and immunomodulatory properties offer EVs unique opportunities to act as therapeutic agents per se or to serve as drug delivery carriers by acting as miniaturized vehicles incorporating bioactive molecules. In this article, we aim to review the recent advances and applications of EV-based biomarkers and therapeutics. In addition, the potential of EVs as a drug delivery and theranostic platform for CVD will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Exosome-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4435
Author(s):  
Hyosuk Kim ◽  
Hochung Jang ◽  
Haeun Cho ◽  
Jiwon Choi ◽  
Kwang Yeon Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Efficient Delivery

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles, with a size of about 100 nm, secreted by most cells and carrying various bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and reflect the biological status of parent cells. Exosomes have natural advantages such as high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity for efficient delivery of therapeutic agents such as chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. In this review, we introduce the latest explorations of exosome-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy, with particular focus on the targeted delivery of various types of cargoes.

scholarly journals Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Renata Caroline Costa de Freitas ◽  
Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata ◽  
Mario Hiroyuki Hirata ◽  
Elena Aikawa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of a lipid bilayer containing transmembrane and soluble proteins. Subtypes of EVs include ectosomes (microparticles/microvesicles), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies that can be released by various tissues into biological fluids. EV cargo can modulate physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells through near- and long-distance intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that origin, amount, and internal cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) of EVs are variable under different pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The early detection and management of CVD reduce premature morbidity and mortality. Circulating EVs have attracted great interest as a potential biomarker for diagnostics and follow-up of CVD. This review highlights the role of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic follow-up of CVD, and also for drug delivery. Despite the great potential of EVs as a tool to study the pathophysiology of CVD, further studies are needed to increase the spectrum of EV-associated applications.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Leggio ◽  
Greta Paternò ◽  
Silvia Vivarelli ◽  
Francesca L’Episcopo ◽  
Cataldo Tirolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membranous structures secreted by normal and diseased cells, and carrying a wide range of bioactive molecules. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are important in both homeostasis and pathology. Through receptor–ligand interactions, direct fusion, or endocytosis, EVs interact with their target cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that EVs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), including Parkinson′s disease (PD). PD is the second most common ND, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In PD, EVs are secreted by both neurons and glial cells, with either beneficial or detrimental effects, via a complex program of cell-to-cell communication. The functions of EVs in PD range from their etiopathogenetic relevance to their use as diagnostic tools and innovative carriers of therapeutics. Because they can cross the blood–brain barrier, EVs can be engineered to deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., small interfering RNAs, catalase) within the CNS. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the role played by EVs in PD etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, with a particular focus on their use as novel PD nanotherapeutics.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Shuttles for Targeted Therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Raimondo ◽  
Gianluca Giavaresi ◽  
Aurelio Lorico ◽  
Riccardo Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function ◽  
Potential Use

The development of effective nanosystems for drug delivery represents a key challenge for the improvement of most current anticancer therapies. Recent progress in the understanding of structure and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs)—specialized membrane-bound nanocarriers for intercellular communication—suggests that they might also serve as optimal delivery systems of therapeutics. In addition to carrying proteins, lipids, DNA and different forms of RNAs, EVs can be engineered to deliver specific bioactive molecules to target cells. Exploitation of their molecular composition and physical properties, together with improvement in bio-techniques to modify their content are critical issues to target them to specific cells/tissues/organs. Here, we will discuss the current developments in the field of animal and plant-derived EVs toward their potential use for delivery of therapeutic agents in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on cancer.

scholarly journals Tiny Actors in the Big Cellular World: Extracellular Vesicles Playing Critical Roles in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ancuta Jurj ◽  
Cecilia Pop-Bica ◽  
Ondrej Slaby ◽  
Cristina D. Ştefan ◽  
William C. Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Recipient Cell ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Membrane Bound

Communications among cells can be achieved either via direct interactions or via secretion of soluble factors. The emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as entities that play key roles in cell-to-cell communication offer opportunities in exploring their features for use in therapeutics; i.e., management and treatment of various pathologies, such as those used for cancer. The potential use of EVs as therapeutic agents is attributed not only for their cell membrane-bound components, but also for their cargos, mostly bioactive molecules, wherein the former regulate interactions with a recipient cell while the latter trigger cellular functions/molecular mechanisms of a recipient cell. In this article, we highlight the involvement of EVs in hallmarks of a cancer cell, particularly focusing on those molecular processes that are influenced by EV cargos. Moreover, we explored the roles of RNA species and proteins carried by EVs in eliciting drug resistance phenotypes. Interestingly, engineered EVs have been investigated and proposed as therapeutic agents in various in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as in several clinical trials.

Exosomes and extracellular vesicles: the path forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Stahl ◽  
Graça Raposo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function ◽  
Intercellular Communications ◽  
Biomedical Community

Over the course of the past several decades, the concept that extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles, operate as cellular “housekeepers” and as agents for communication between and among cells and tissues, has emerged into one of the most promising yet vexing problems facing the biomedical community. Already, extracellular vesicles from biological fluids are being used for diagnostic purposes and hopes abound for their use as therapeutic agents. However, the most basic mechanistic questions surrounding their biogenesis and function in cellular and tissue homeostasis remain largely unexplored. In this issue of Essays in Biochemistry, the rise of a new intercellular communications pathway is considered from many perspectives—cell biology, physiology, and pathophysiology.

Novel biomarker and drug delivery systems for theranostics – extracellular vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Ł. Stępień ◽  
Carina Rząca ◽  
Paweł Moskal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Cell Uptake ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Composition Structure

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano- and micro-sized double-layered membrane entities derived from most cell types and released into biological fluids. Biological properties (cell-uptake, biocompatibility), and chemical (composition, structure) or physical (size, density) characteristics make EVs a good candidate for drug delivery systems (DDS). Recent advances in the field of EVs (e.g., scaling-up production, purification) and developments of new imaging methods (total-body positron emission tomography [PET]) revealed benefits of radiolabeled EVs in diagnostic and interventional medicine as a potential DDs in theranostics.

scholarly journals Proteomics of Extracellular Vesicles: Update on Their Composition, Biological Roles and Potential Use as Diagnostic Tools in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Mallia ◽  
Erica Gianazza ◽  
Beatrice Zoanni ◽  
Maura Brioschi ◽  
Silvia Stella Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
System Development ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis Therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound vesicles released from cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Basing on biogenesis, dimension, content and route of secretion, they can be classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies. EVs have a key role as bioactive mediators in intercellular communication, but they are also involved in other physiological processes like immune response, blood coagulation, and tissue repair. The interest in studying EVs has increased over the years due to their involvement in several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and their potential role as biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy, and in drug delivery system development. Nowadays, the improvement of mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques allows the characterization of the EV protein composition to deeply understand their role in several diseases. In this review, a critical overview is provided on the EV’s origin and physical properties, as well as their emerging functional role in both physiological and disease conditions, focusing attention on the role of exosomes in CVDs. The most important cardiac exosome proteomic studies will be discussed giving a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the exosomal proteins that could be used in future as new potential diagnostic markers or targets for specific therapies.

Toxins Are an Excellent Source of Therapeutic Agents against Cardiovascular Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (07) ◽  
pp. 691-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho Yeow Koh ◽  
Cassandra Modahl ◽  
Namrata Kulkarni ◽  
R. Manjunatha Kini
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antiplatelet Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Function Mechanism ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

AbstractVenomous and hematophagous animals use their venom or saliva for survival, to obtain food, and for self-defense. Venom and saliva from these animals are cocktails of bioactive molecules primarily composed of proteins and peptides. These molecules are called toxins because they cause unwanted consequences on prey. They exhibit unique, diverse, and specific biological activities that perturb normal physiological processes of their prey and host. However, the potential of toxins as inspirations for the development of therapeutic agents or pharmacological tools has also long been recognized. In addition to their small size, the exquisite selectivity and structural stability of toxins make them attractive as starting molecule in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Drug discovery and development from venomous and hematophagous animals against cardiovascular diseases have been particularly successful. Some of the notable success include antihypertensive (captopril and enalapril) and antiplatelet agents (tirofiban and eptifibatide), as well as anticoagulants (lepirudin and bivalirudin). Highlighted in this review are many venom or saliva-derived cardiovascular-active proteins and peptides of therapeutic interest, including those that are currently in preclinical stages and those that have been approved by FDA and currently in the market. The authors attempt to summarize their structure, function, mechanism of action, and development with respect to cardiovascular diseases.

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