scholarly journals The Effects of Spaceflight Factors on the Human Plasma Proteome, Including Both Real Space Missions and Ground-Based Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Brzhozovskiy ◽  
Alexey S. Kononikhin ◽  
Lyudmila Ch. Pastushkova ◽  
Daria N. Kashirina ◽  
Maria I. Indeykina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Station ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Dry Immersion ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Common Pathogenesis

The aim of the study was to compare proteomic data on the effects of spaceflight factors on the human body, including both real space missions and ground-based experiments. LC–MS/MS-based proteomic analysis of blood plasma samples obtained from 13 cosmonauts before and after long-duration (169–199 days) missions on the International Space Station (ISS) and for five healthy men included in 21-day-long head-down bed rest (HDBR) and dry immersion experiments were performed. The semi-quantitative label-free analysis revealed significantly changed proteins: 19 proteins were significantly different on the first (+1) day after landing with respect to background levels; 44 proteins significantly changed during HDBR and 31 changed in the dry immersion experiment. Comparative analysis revealed nine common proteins (A1BG, A2M, SERPINA1, SERPINA3, SERPING1, SERPINC1, HP, CFB, TF), which changed their levels after landing, as well as in both ground-based experiments. Common processes, such as platelet degranulation, hemostasis, post-translational protein phosphorylation and processes of protein metabolism, indicate common pathogenesis in ground experiments and during spaceflight. Dissimilarity in the lists of significantly changed proteins could be explained by the differences in the dynamics of effective development in the ground-based experiments. Data are available via ProteomeXchange using the identifier PXD013305.

scholarly journals Pain and Vertebral Dysfunction in Dry Immersion: A Model of Microgravity Simulation Different from Bed Rest Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Treffel ◽  
N. Massabuau ◽  
K. Zuj ◽  
M.-A. Custaud ◽  
G. Gauquelin-Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Dry Immersion ◽  
Somatic Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Microgravity Simulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manual Palpation

Background. Astronauts frequently experience back pain during and after spaceflight. The aim of this study was to utilize clinical methods to identify potential vertebral somatic dysfunction (VD) in subjects exposed to dry immersion (DI), a model of microgravity simulation. Method. The experiment was performed in a space research clinic, respecting all the ethical rules, with subjects completing three days of dry immersion (n=11). Assessments of VD, spine height, and back pain were made before and after simulated microgravity. Results. Back pain was present in DI with great global discomfort during the entire protocol. A low positive correlation was found (Pearson r=0.44; P<0.001) between VD before DI and pain developed in the DI experiment. Conclusions. There is a specific location of pain in both models of simulation. Our analysis leads to relativizing constraints on musculoskeletal system in function of simulation models. This study was the first to examine manual palpation of the spine in a space experience. Additionally, osteopathic view may be used to select those individuals who have less risk of developing back pain.

scholarly journals Opposite response of blood vessels in the retina to 6° head-down tilt and long-duration microgravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Taibbi ◽  
Millennia Young ◽  
Ruchi J. Vyas ◽  
Matthew C. Murray ◽  
Shiyin Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Station ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Vascular Response ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Fluid Shifts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The One

AbstractThe Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), associated with the headward fluid shifts incurred in microgravity during long-duration missions, remains a high-priority health and performance risk for human space exploration. To help characterize the pathophysiology of SANS, NASA’s VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN) software was used to map and quantify vascular adaptations in the retina before and after 70 days of bed rest at 6-degree Head-Down Tilt (HDT), a well-studied microgravity analog. Results were compared to the retinal vascular response of astronauts following 6-month missions to the International Space Station (ISS). By mixed effects modeling, the trends of vascular response were opposite. Vascular density decreased significantly in the 16 retinas of eight astronauts and in contrast, increased slightly in the ten retinas of five subjects after HDT (although with limited significance). The one astronaut retina diagnosed with SANS displayed the greatest vascular loss. Results suggest that microgravity is a major variable in the retinal mediation of fluid shifts that is not reproduced in this HDT bed rest model.

REPEATED LONG-TERM SPACE FLIGHTS: PROTEOMIC INVESTIGATIONS OF COSMONAUTS' BLOOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
D.N. Kashirina ◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
A.I. Grigoriev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Structure ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biochemical Indices

We performed the first ever comparative analysis of modifications in the proteome, ionogram and some other blood plasma biochemical indices of 18 male cosmonauts (44 ± 6 years of age) before and after maiden or repeated long-term missions to the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS RS). Levels of proteins, substrates and ions as well as chemical components were measured using the LC-MS-based proteomics and routine biochemical techniques. A total of 256 to 281 indices were investigated with the methods of descriptive statistic, regression analysis, and access to bioinformatics resources. It was shown that blood indices recovery from the maiden and repeated missions reflects changes in the body systems and goes at a various speed. The results of measurements made prior to launch and on day 7 after landing are dependent on the number of missions. The bioinformatics techniques showed that after maiden missions both the mediator proteins of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and blood proteins with reliably changing concentrations are associated with the bio-processes including stress, metabolism and DNA reparation, apoptosis, catabolism and proteolysis. During early re-adaptation from repeated missions the AP level was affected by bone remodeling, phosphorylation, angiogenesis and coagulation cascade suggesting a distinct and urgent trigger of the processes of bone structure and mineralization.

scholarly journals Effect of intermittent hypoxic training on orthostatic tolerance in humans before and after simulated microgravity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
VP Katuntsev ◽  
TV Sukhostavtseva ◽  
AN Kotov ◽  
MV Baranov
Keyword(s):  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Tilt Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orthostatic Tolerance ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxic Training ◽  
Hypoxic Training ◽  
Before And After

Reduced orthostatic tolerance (OT) is a serious concern facing space medicine. This work sought to evaluate the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on OT in humans before and after 3 days of head-down bed rest (HDBR) used to model microgravity. The study was carried out in 16 male volunteers aged 18 to 40 years and included 2 series of experiments with 11-day and 21-day IHT administered on a daily basis. During the first IHT session, the concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas mixture was 10%; for other sessions it was adjusted to 9%. OT was assessed by a 20-minute-long orthostatic tilt test (OTT) conducted before and after HDBR. Before HDBR, orthostatic intolerance was observed in 3 participants, while after HDBR, it was observed in 9 of 16 volunteers (p < 0.05). During OTT conducted after HDBR, the heart rate (HR) exceeded control values by 26.8% (p < 0.01). Preexposure to any of the applied IHT regimens led to a reduction in the number of volunteers with orthostatic intolerance. After the 11-day IHT program, there was a less pronounced increase in HR during OTT before HDBR; with the extended IHT regimen, less pronounced changes were observed for HR, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (BP). The increase in HR during OTT after HDBR was significantly lower in the group that had completed the 11-day IHT program, while BP remained stable. The changes in HR and systolic BP were less pronounced in the group that had completed the 21-day IHT program than in the control group (p < 0.05). Thus, IHT reduced the risk of orthostatic disorders and mitigated changes in cardiovascular parameters during the orthostatic test.

scholarly journals Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis reveals potential biomarkers for early healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Montoya ◽  
Manuel Carlos López ◽  
Ivan D. Vélez ◽  
Sara M. Robledo
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Early Biomarkers ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Globally Distributed

Background Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by more than 20 species of the Leishmania genus. The disease is globally distributed and is endemic in 97 countries and three territories in the tropical and subtropical regions. The efficacy of the current treatments is becoming increasingly low either due to incomplete treatment or resistant parasites. Failure of treatment is frequent, and therefore, the search for early biomarkers of therapeutic response in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is urgently needed. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the proteomic profiles in patients with CL before and after 7 days of treatment and identify early biomarkers of curative response. Methods Four patients with a parasitological diagnosis of leishmaniasis with confirmation of species by PCR-RFLP were recruited. All patients had a single lesion, and a protein from the middle of the ulcer was quantified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results A total of 12 proteins showed differential expression in the comparative LC-electrospray ionization MS/MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS) triplicate analysis. Seven of them were up-regulated and five of them were down-regulated. Calcium binding proteins A2, A8, and A9 and hemoglobin subunits alpha-2 and delta showed high correlation with epidermis development and immune response. Conclusion We identified changes in the profiles of proteins that had a positive therapeutic response to the treatment. The proteins identified with differential expression are related to the reduction of inflammation and increased tissue repair. These proteins can be useful as biomarkers for early monitoring of therapeutic response in CL.

Reduced-Gravity Simulators for Studies of Man's Mobility in Space and on the Moon

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Hewes
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Space Suit ◽  
Reduced Gravity ◽  
Research Facility ◽  
Lunar Landing ◽  
Propulsion Unit ◽  
Langley Research Center ◽  
Space Activities

A brief review of some reduced-gravity simulators recently developed at NASA's Langley Research Center to study specific problems relating to man's mobility in various space missions is presented in this paper along with a discussion of the manner in which these devices can be applied to other mobility problems. The devices covered in this review are the lunar walking simulator, the rotating space station simulator, and the lunar landing research facility being utilized by the Spacecraft Research Branch of LRC. These facilities are applicable to a rather broad field of space activities including such aspects as man walking on the lunar surface in a pressurized space suit, flying over the lunar surface with a backpack propulsion unit or a small rocket-propelled vehicle, driving a surface roving vehicle, and orbital assembly of spacecraft components. These facilities can also be applied to studies of space missions on other planets, moons, and asteroids.

scholarly journals Performance of Gradient-Based Solutions versus Genetic Algorithms in the Correlation of Thermal Mathematical Models of Spacecrafts

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Eva Anglada ◽  
Laura Martinez-Jimenez ◽  
Iñaki Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
International Space ◽  
Thermal Test ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
Pros And Cons

The correlation of the thermal mathematical models (TMMs) of spacecrafts with the results of the thermal test is a demanding task in terms of time and effort. Theoretically, it can be automatized by means of optimization techniques, although this is a challenging task. Previous studies have shown the ability of genetic algorithms to perform this task in several cases, although some limitations have been detected. In addition, gradient-based methods, although also presenting some limitations, have provided good solutions in other technical fields. For this reason, the performance of genetic algorithms and gradient-based methods in the correlation of TMMs is discussed in this paper to compare the pros and cons of them. The case of study used in the comparison is a real space instrument flown aboard the International Space Station.

scholarly journals Attenuated sympathetic nerve responses after 24 hours of bed rest

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (6) ◽  
pp. H2210-H2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazhar H. Khan ◽  
Allen R. Kunselman ◽  
Urs A. Leuenberger ◽  
William R. Davidson ◽  
Chester A. Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduced Rate

Bed rest reduces orthostatic tolerance. Despite decades of study, the cause of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this report we examined hemodynamic and sympathetic nerve responses to graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) before and after 24 h of bed rest. LBNP allows for baroreceptor disengagement in a graded fashion. We measured heart rate (HR), cardiac output (HR × stroke volume obtained by echo Doppler), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during a progressive and graded LBNP paradigm. Negative pressure was increased by 10 mmHg every 3 min until presyncope or completion of −60 mmHg. After bed rest, LBNP tolerance was reduced in 11 of 13 subjects ( P < .023), HR was greater ( P< .002), cardiac output was unchanged, and the ability to augment MSNA at high levels of LBNP was reduced (rate of rise for 30- to 60-mmHg LBNP before bed rest 0.073 bursts · min−1 · mmHg−1; after bed rest 0.035 bursts · min−1 · mmHg−1; P < 0.016). These findings suggest that 24 h of bed rest reduces sympathetic nerve responses to LBNP.

Fluid and electrolyte shifts in women during +Gz acceleration after 15 days' bed rest

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Greenleaf ◽  
H. O. Stinnett ◽  
G. L. Davis ◽  
J. Kollias ◽  
E. M. Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
The Third ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Reduced Activity

Twelve women (23–34 yr), comprising a bed-rest (BR) group of eight subjects and an ambulatory (AMB) group of four subjects, were centrifuged after 14 days of ambulatory control (C),after 15 days of a 17-day BR period, and on the third day of recovery (R). Venous blood was taken before and after the third +3.0 G acceleration run (1.8 G/min). Relative to (C), the +Gz tolerance after BR was reduced -49.0% (P less than 0.05) in the BR group and -38.7% (NS) in the AMB group; during (R) the BR group regained up to 89.4% and the AMB group up to 87.1% of their (C) tolerances. In each of the three test periods, the shifts in plasma Na, Cl, PO4, and osmotic contents, which accompanied +Gz, followed the outward shift of plasma volume (PV). The correlation of the shift of PV during acceleration with the +Gz tolerance was 0.72 (P less than 0.01). During acceleration, the PV and electrolyte loss for both groups after BR was about half the loss of (C) and (R). Compared with (C) and (R) values, potassium shifts were variable but the mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular Hb contents and concentrations were unchanged during all +Gz runs; The results indicate that: 1) the higher the (C) + Gz tolerance, the greater the tolerance decline due to BR; 2) relative confinement and reduced activity contribute as much to the reduction in tolerance as does the horizontal body position during BR; 3) bed-rest deconditioning has no effect on the erythrocyte volume during +3.0 Gz; and 4) about one-half the loss in tolerance after BR can be attributed to PV and electrolyte shifts.

scholarly journals Quantitative magnetic resonance image assessment of the optic nerve and surrounding sheath after spaceflight

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse J. Rohr ◽  
Stuart Sater ◽  
Austin M. Sass ◽  
Karina Marshall-Goebel ◽  
Robert J. Ploutz-Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Icp

Abstract A subset of long-duration spaceflight astronauts have experienced ophthalmic abnormalities, collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Little is understood about the pathophysiology of SANS; however, microgravity-induced alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to headward fluid shifts is the primary hypothesized contributor. In particular, potential changes in optic nerve (ON) tortuosity and ON sheath (ONS) distension may indicate altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics during weightlessness. The present longitudinal study aims to provide a quantitative analysis of ON and ONS cross-sectional areas, and ON deviation, an indication of tortuosity, before and after spaceflight. Ten astronauts undergoing ~6-month missions on the International Space Station (ISS) underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preflight and at five recovery time points extending to 1 year after return from the ISS. The mean changes in ON deviation, ON cross-sectional area, and ONS cross-sectional area immediately post flight were −0.14 mm (95% CI: −0.36 to 0.08, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), 0.13 mm2 (95% CI −0.66 to 0.91, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), and −0.22 mm2 (95% CI: −1.78 to 1.34, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), respectively, and remained consistent during the recovery period. Terrestrially, ONS distension is associated with increased ICP; therefore, these results suggest that, on average, ICP was not pathologically elevated immediately after spaceflight. However, a subject diagnosed with optic disc edema (Frisen Grade 1, right eye) displayed increased ONS area post flight, although this increase is relatively small compared to clinical populations with increased ICP. Advanced quantitative MRI-based assessment of the ON and ONS could help our understanding of SANS and the role of ICP.

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