scholarly journals Low Overnight Temperature-Induced Gibberellin Accumulation Increases Locule Number in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3042
Author(s):  
Yanbing Li ◽  
Meihua Sun ◽  
Hengzuo Xiang ◽  
Yudong Liu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

The number of locules in tomato affects fruit size, shape, and the incidence of malformation. Low temperature increases locule number and the incidences of malformation in tomato plants. In this study, three flower bud developmental stages (pre-flower bud differentiation, sepal and petal primordium formation, and carpel primordium formation) under different night temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) were used to analyze the reason behind locule number change using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the “plant hormone signal transduction”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, and “diterpenoid biosynthesis” categories were remarkably activated during flower bud differentiation. Transcripts of gibberellin (GA)-related genes and endogenous levels of GAs were analyzed, and it was discovered that SlGA2ox genes were significantly downregulated and bioactive GA1 and GA4 accumulated at lower overnight temperature. Exogenous application of bioactive GA1, GA4, and PAC (paclobutrazol) showed that GA1 and GA4 increased the locule number, while PAC decreased the locule number. Taken together, our results suggest that lower overnight temperature reduced the expression of SlGA2ox genes, leading to GA1 and GA4 accumulation, thereby increasing locule number in tomato.

scholarly journals A Three-dimensional Analysis of Summer Dormancy in the Red Spider Lily (Lycoris radiata)

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1459-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhuo Cai ◽  
Junjun Fan ◽  
Xuying Wei ◽  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Summer Dormancy ◽  
Lycoris Radiata ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

Lycoris radiata has beautiful bright-red flowers with both medicinal and ornamental value. However, the mechanisms underlying an unusual characteristic of Lycoris radiata, flowering without leaves, remain unclear. In this study, climatic influences, biomass composition, and yearly variations in bulb contents across eight developmental stages of L. radiata were analyzed. Thus, L. radiata summer dormancy was investigated in three dimensions: climate-associated phenology, biomass distribution characteristics, and physiologic bulb changes. The results showed that dormancy was most strongly affected by high ambient temperature, followed by scape development, flowering, leafing out, vigorous leaf growth, flower bud differentiation, flower bud predifferentiation, and leaf maturation. Biomass allocation, bulb contents, oxidoreductase activity, and root activity fluctuated significantly in L. radiata among developmental stages. Relative bulb dry weight was greatest during the dormant period (95.95% of total dry weight) and lowest during vigorous leaf growth (November–December). Root biomass was also significantly greater during dormancy than during flowering, leaf maturation, and flower bud differentiation. Only root biomass during vigorous leaf growth was greater than root biomass during dormancy. However, in dormant bulbs, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. Thus, summer dormancy in L. radiata only constitutes a morphologic dormancy of the aboveground plant; the bulb and root remain physiologically active. The results suggest that L. radiata is sensitive to both ambient temperature and light, and that summer dormancy is triggered by the synergistic stimulation of these two factors. Although temperature controls dormancy, it plays only a limited regulatory role during the L. radiata flowering period. Thus, it is difficult to induce flowering or regulate annual flowering in this species through temperature control alone.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling for floral development in reblooming cultivar ‘High Noon’ of Paeonia suffruticosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanting Chang ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Wenbo Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhou ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Paeonia Suffruticosa ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
High Noon

Abstract Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrew) is a popular ornamental plant due to its large, fragrant and colorful flowers. The floral development is the most important event in its lifecycle. To explore the mechanism that regulate flower development, we sequenced the flower bud transcriptomes of ‘High Noon’, a reblooming cultivar of P. suffruticosa × P. lutea, using both full-length isoform-sequencing (ISO-seq) and RNA-seq were sequenced. A total of 15.94 Gb raw data were generated in full-length transcriptome sequencing of the 3 floral developmental stages, resulting 0.11 M protein-coding transcripts. Over 457.0 million reads were obtained by RNA-seq in the 3 floral buds. Here, we openly released the full-length transcriptome database of ‘High Noon’ and RNA-seq database of floral development. These databases can provide a fundamental genetic information of tree peony to investigate its transcript structure, variants and evolution. Data will facilitate to deep analyses of the transcriptome for flower development.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF TIMING OF BUD DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF FLOWER INFLORESCENCE IN BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) CULTIVARS IN NORTHERN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Beril Kocaman ◽  
Hüsnü Demirsoy ◽  
Leyla Demirsoy
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Lateral Branches

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) production is attracting interest in Turkey’s northern part, but information on timing of bud differentiation and developmental stages of flower inflorescence on next season is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the timing of bud differentiation and development stages of flower inflorescence in 4 biennial fruiting blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars (‘Chester’, ‘Dirksen Thornless’, ‘Jumbo’, ‘Bursa 1’) grown in northern Turkey. Axillary bud samples were collected from the middle parts of the one year of lateral branches every 7–15 days from September 2008 to May 2010. Ten development stages were identified from the flower bud differentiation to post-bloom period. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage occurred during September to October, with the differentiation of the terminal flower occurring on September 18 in ‘Bursa 1’, October 4–9 in ‘Dirksen Thornless’, October 16–20 in ‘Jumbo’, and October 20–22 in ‘Chester’. In all the examined cultivars, flower development occurred between September and June and lasted for 193–215 days.

Gibberellic acid induced multilocular fruits in tomato and the role of locule number and seed number in fruit size

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (22) ◽  
pp. 2831-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Sawhney ◽  
D. H. Dabbs
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Locule Number

Young tomato plants were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) at a stage before floral initiation. In the first truss produced after the treatment, the fresh weight and size of the fruit was lower than the controls but was significantly higher in trusses 2 to 4. Also, whereas in controls the fresh weight and size of tomato fruits steadily declined from truss 1 to truss 4, in GA3-treated plants there was a progressive increase in the fresh weight and size of the fruit. The number of locules per fruit of GA3-treated plants was also greater than the controls but not the number of seeds per fruit. Regression analyses show that both the locule number and seed number have a significant correlation with the fresh weight of the fruit and that these relationships are independent of each other.

Wuschel and W40 Expression Analysis Undergoing Different Lc Locus Background in Tomato

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 571-574
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Qing Bo Zhang ◽  
Yan Ling Wang ◽  
Tian Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
Locule Number

In tomato fruits, the number of locules varies from two to up to 10 or more. lc is relative to fruit size and locule number. As a candidate gene underlying lc, wuschel was mapped to the same region as lc. MLK1 with locule numbers up to 10 and FL1 with locule numbers 2-4, are selected to identify the type of lc loci, the expression of wuschel. MLK1 lc belongs to lc-mutant type and FL1 is lc-wild type. Wuschel is completely same in MLK1 and FL1, but expresses differentially. With the development of flower buds, wuschel expression decreased in both materials stem apex, meanwhile it was higher in MLK1 than FL1 at the corresponding development stage of flower bud. Therefore, these results suggest that wuschel is more possible for candidate gene underlying lc to regulate locule numbers. These results will provide important information for lc regulating locule number in tomato.

Decreased number of locules and pericarp cell layers underlie smaller and ovoid fruit in tomato smaller fruit (sf) mutant

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yushun Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Tayeb Muhammad ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

Fruit size and shape are the primary criteria for domestication and improvement of tomato. The varying sizes and shapes of tomato fruit further signify their importance as agronomic traits. Here, we characterized a tomato mutant, smaller fruit (sf), which bears relatively small and ovoid fruits compared with the large and flat fruits of the wild-type (WT). Phenotypic measurements and histological analyses revealed that fruit diameter but not fruit length of the sf mutant decreased compared with that of the WT. This phenotypic change was attributed to significant decreases in locule number and pericarp cell layers in a transverse direction, which resulted in the transition of fruit shape from flat in the WT to ovoid in sf. Comparison of the transcriptomes of ovaries of sf with the WT using RNA-Seq identified 2596 differentially expressed genes, in which 1737 genes significantly were up-regulated and 859 genes were dramatically down-regulated in the sf ovary. Further analyses confirmed that some genes, such as CRCa, CNRs, CYCs, WUS, SUNs, OFRs, CDKs, participate in regulation of fruit size and shape of sf mutant. Thus, our study adds a new genetic resource regarding fruit size and shape of tomato, and provides a valuable basis for understanding molecular regulation of small and ovoid fruit of the sf mutant.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of transgenic apple fruit overexpressing microRNA172 reveals candidate transcription factors regulating apple fruit development at early stages

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12675
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhou ◽  
Yanmin Zhu ◽  
Hengtao Zhang ◽  
Ruiping Zhang ◽  
Qiming Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Transgenic Apple

Background MicroRNA172 (miR172) has been proven to be critical for fruit growth, since elevated miR172 activity blocks the growth of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit. However, it is not clear how overexpression of miR172 affects apple fruit developmental processes. Methods To answer this question, the present study, analyzed global transcriptional changes in miR172-overexpressing (miR172OX) and nongenetically modified wild-type (WT) apple fruit at two developmental stages and in different fruit tissues via RNA-seq. In addition, two cultivars, ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’, which have naturally fruit size variation, were included to identify miR172-dependent DEGs. qRT–PCRwas used to verify the reliability of our RNA-seq data. Results Overexpression of miR172 altered the expression levels of many cell proliferation- and cell expansion-related genes. Twenty-four libraries were generated, and 10,338 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between miR172OX and WT fruit tissues. ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’ are two common cultivars that bear fruit of different sizes (250 g and 75 g, respectively). Six libraries were generated, and 3,627 DEGs were detected between ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’. After merging the two datasets, 6,888 candidate miR172-specific DEGs were identified. The potential networks associated with fruit size triggered traits were defined among genes belonging to the families of hormone synthesis, signaling pathways, and transcription factors. Our comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into transcriptome responses to miR172 overexpression in apple fruit and a valuable database for future studies to validate functional genes and elucidate the fruit developmental mechanisms in apple.

scholarly journals Accumulation Pattern of Flavonoids during Fruit Development of Lonicera maackii Determined by Metabolomics

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6913
Author(s):  
Zengxing Qi ◽  
Ran Zhao ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Yanrui Ge ◽  
Ruofan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Lonicera Maackii ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Active Substances

Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) is a large, upright shrub with fruits that contain many bioactive compounds. Flavonoids are common active substances in L. maackii. However, there is a dearth of information about the accumulation of these flavonoids and their possible medicinal value. We used targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze five developmental stages of L. maackii fruit. A total of 438 metabolites were identified in the five developmental stages, including 81 flavonoids and derivatives. The 81 flavonoids included 25 flavones and derivatives, 35 flavonols and derivatives, two isoflavones, three cyanidins and derivatives, eight procyanidins, and eight flavanones. In addition, we outlined the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and screened their upstream metabolites. More importantly, we analyzed the accumulation patterns of several typical flavones and flavonols. The results reported here improved our understanding of the dynamic changes in flavonoids during fruit development and contributed to making full use of the medicinal value of L. maackii fruit.

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