scholarly journals Autophagy in Plant: A New Orchestrator in the Regulation of the Phytohormones Homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Gou ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Shaoying Guo ◽  
Yunfeng Liu ◽  
Faqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Catabolic Process

Autophagy is a highly evolutionarily-conserved catabolic process facilitating the development and survival of organisms which have undergone favorable and/or stressful conditions, in particular the plant. Accumulating evidence has implicated that autophagy is involved in growth and development, as well as responses to various stresses in plant. Similarly, phytohormones also play a pivotal role in the response to various stresses in addition to the plant growth and development. However, the relationship between autophagy and phytohormones still remains poorly understood. Here, we review advances in the crosstalk between them upon various environmental stimuli. We also discuss how autophagy coordinates the phytohormones to regulate plant growth and development. We propose that unraveling the regulatory role(s) of autophagy in modulating the homeostasis of phytohormones would benefit crop breeding and improvement under variable environments, in particular under suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals The relationship between the wheat plants at different tap organozenesis and phytophagous, their harmfulness

2016 ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
O.O. Strygun ◽  
S.O. Trybel ◽  
O.M. Goncharenko ◽  
Y.М. Suddenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Potential Losses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Actual Loss

The basic types of herbivores wheat groups on their affinity to damage of the plants and their impact on the formative processes. It is shown that the constant pressure on the formative processes, inhibition of plant growth and development adversely affects the productivity and quality of grain. Calculated in terms of population of crops of pests, taking into account existing EPSH potential losses from individual groups of herbivores that exceed 5%. Showing actual average loss grain cereals from pests, which is 12.7%, which is evidence of the need to strengthen protective measures and reduce the actual loss to the level of <5%.

scholarly journals Improving Performance of Salt-Grown Crops by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Md. Quamruzzaman ◽  
S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik ◽  
Sergey Shabala ◽  
Meixue Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting plant growth and development. Application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is a possible practical means for minimizing salinity-induced yield losses, and can be used in addition to or as an alternative to crop breeding for enhancing salinity tolerance. The PGRs auxin, cytokinin, nitric oxide, brassinosteroid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and ethylene have been advocated for practical use to improve crop performance and yield under saline conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effectiveness of various PGRs in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development, and elucidates the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying this process by linking PGRs with their downstream targets and signal transduction pathways. It is shown that, while each of these PGRs possesses an ability to alter plant ionic and redox homeostasis, the complexity of interactions between various PGRs and their involvement in numerous signaling pathways makes it difficult to establish an unequivocal causal link between PGRs and their downstream effectors mediating plants’ adaptation to salinity. The beneficial effects of PGRs are also strongly dependent on genotype, the timing of application, and the concentration used. The action spectrum of PGRs is also strongly dependent on salinity levels. Taken together, this results in a rather narrow “window” in which the beneficial effects of PGR are observed, hence limiting their practical application (especially under field conditions). It is concluded that, in the light of the above complexity, and also in the context of the cost–benefit analysis, crop breeding for salinity tolerance remains a more reliable avenue for minimizing the impact of salinity on plant growth and yield. Further progress in the field requires more studies on the underlying cell-based mechanisms of interaction between PGRs and membrane transporters mediating plant ion homeostasis.

Sugar sensing and signalling networks in plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rolland ◽  
J. Sheen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Sugar Signalling ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Hormone Signalling

Plant sugar signalling operates in a complex network with plant-specific hormone signalling pathways. Hexokinase was identified as an evolutionarily conserved glucose sensor that integrates light, hormone and nutrient signalling to control plant growth and development.

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

Response of Poinsettia Growth and Development to Ratio of Radiant to Thermal Energy

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 508e-508
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Highly Correlated

A concept of ratio of radiant to thermal energy (RRT) has been developed to deal with the interactive effect of light and temperature on plant growth and development. This study further confirms that RRT is a useful parameter for plant growth, development, and quality control. Based on greenhouse experiments conducted with 27 treatment combinations of temperature, light, and plant spacing, a model for poinsettia plant growth and development was constructed using the computer program STELLA II. Results from the model simulation with different levels of daily light integral, temperature, and plant spacing showed that the RRT significantly affects leaf unfolding rate when RRT is lower than 0.025 mol/degree-day per plant. Plant dry weight is highly correlated with RRT; it increases linearly as RRT increases.

scholarly journals Brassinolide Enhances the Level of Brassinosteroids, Protein, Pigments, and Monosaccharides in Wolffia arrhiza Treated with Brassinazole

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1311
Author(s):  
Magdalena Chmur ◽  
Andrzej Bajguz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Synthetic Inhibitor ◽  
Wolffia Arrhiza ◽  
First Time

Brassinolide (BL) represents brassinosteroids (BRs)—a group of phytohormones that are essential for plant growth and development. Brassinazole (Brz) is as a synthetic inhibitor of BRs’ biosynthesis. In the present study, the responses of Wolffia arrhiza to the treatment with BL, Brz, and the combination of BL with Brz were analyzed. The analysis of BRs and Brz was performed using LC-MS/MS. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls, carotenes, and xanthophylls) levels were determined using HPLC, but protein and monosaccharides level using spectrophotometric methods. The obtained results indicated that BL and Brz influence W. arrhiza cultures in a concentration-dependent manner. The most stimulatory effects on the growth, level of BRs (BL, 24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 28-norbrassinolide, catasterone, castasterone, 24-epicastasterone, typhasterol, and 6-deoxytyphasterol), and the content of pigments, protein, and monosaccharides, were observed in plants treated with 0.1 µM BL. Whereas the application of 1 µM and 10 µM Brz caused a significant decrease in duckweed weight and level of targeted compounds. Application of BL caused the mitigation of the Brz inhibitory effect and enhanced the BR level in duckweed treated with Brz. The level of BRs was reported for the first time in duckweed treated with BL and/or Brz.

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