scholarly journals Circadian Regulation in Tissue Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Paatela ◽  
Dane Munson ◽  
Nobuaki Kikyo
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circadian Regulation ◽  
Global Regulator ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Translational Activity ◽  
Regenerative Therapies ◽  
Regulation Of Regeneration

Circadian rhythms regulate over 40% of protein-coding genes in at least one organ in the body through mechanisms tied to the central circadian clock and to cell-intrinsic auto-regulatory feedback loops. Distinct diurnal differences in regulation of regeneration have been found in several organs, including skin, intestinal, and hematopoietic systems. Each regenerating system contains a complex network of cell types with different circadian mechanisms contributing to regeneration. In this review, we elucidate circadian regeneration mechanisms in the three representative systems. We also suggest circadian regulation of global translational activity as an understudied global regulator of regenerative capacity. A more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian regulation of tissue regeneration would accelerate the development of new regenerative therapies.

scholarly journals Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Nosrati ◽  
Reza Aramideh Khouy ◽  
Ali Nosrati ◽  
Mohammad Khodaei ◽  
Mehdi Banitalebi-Dehkordi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

AbstractSkin is the body’s first barrier against external pathogens that maintains the homeostasis of the body. Any serious damage to the skin could have an impact on human health and quality of life. Tissue engineering aims to improve the quality of damaged tissue regeneration. One of the most effective treatments for skin tissue regeneration is to improve angiogenesis during the healing period. Over the last decade, there has been an impressive growth of new potential applications for nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering. Various approaches have been developed to improve the rate and quality of the healing process using angiogenic nanomaterials. In this review, we focused on molecular mechanisms and key factors in angiogenesis, the role of nanobiomaterials in angiogenesis, and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches for accelerated wound healing based on improved angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Amynthas corticis genome reveals molecular mechanisms behind global distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Wang ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Yufeng Zhang ◽  
Mingming Kang ◽  
Yuanbo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gene Family Evolution ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Itraq Analysis ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Long Read

AbstractEarthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) are widely distributed around the world due to their ancient origination as well as adaptation and invasion after introduction into new habitats over the past few centuries. Herein, we report a 1.2 Gb complete genome assembly of the earthworm Amynthas corticis based on a strategy combining third-generation long-read sequencing and Hi-C mapping. A total of 29,256 protein-coding genes are annotated in this genome. Analysis of resequencing data indicates that this earthworm is a triploid species. Furthermore, gene family evolution analysis shows that comprehensive expansion of gene families in the Amynthas corticis genome has produced more defensive functions compared with other species in Annelida. Quantitative proteomic iTRAQ analysis shows that expression of 147 proteins changed in the body of Amynthas corticis and 16 S rDNA sequencing shows that abundance of 28 microorganisms changed in the gut of Amynthas corticis when the earthworm was incubated with pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Our genome assembly provides abundant and valuable resources for the earthworm research community, serving as a first step toward uncovering the mysteries of this species, and may provide molecular level indicators of its powerful defensive functions, adaptation to complex environments and invasion ability.

scholarly journals Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian digit tip regeneration

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200194
Author(s):  
Mekayla A. Storer ◽  
Freda D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Blastema Formation ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Proliferating Cell ◽  
Adult Mammal

Digit tip regeneration is one of the few examples of true multi-tissue regeneration in an adult mammal. The key step in this process is the formation of the blastema, a transient proliferating cell mass that generates the different cell types of the digit to replicate the original structure. Failure to form the blastema results in a lack of regeneration and has been postulated to be the reason why mammalian limbs cannot regrow following amputation. Understanding how the blastema forms and functions will help us to determine what is required for mammalian regeneration to occur and will provide insights into potential therapies for mammalian tissue regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence murine blastema formation and govern digit tip regeneration.

scholarly journals Antheridial development in the moss Physcomitrella patens : implications for understanding stem cells in mosses

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1739) ◽  
pp. 20160494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumiko Kofuji ◽  
Yasushi Yagita ◽  
Takashi Murata ◽  
Mitsuyasu Hasebe
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Type

Stem cells self-renew and produce precursor cells that differentiate to become specialized cell types. Land plants generate several types of stem cells that give rise to most organs of the plant body and whose characters determine the body organization. The moss Physcomitrella patens forms eight types of stem cells throughout its life cycle. Under gametangium-inducing conditions, multiple antheridium apical stem cells are formed at the tip of the gametophore and each antheridium apical stem cell divides to form an antheridium. We found that the gametophore apical stem cell, which typically forms leaf and stem tissues, changes to become a new type of stem cell, which we term the antheridium initial stem cell. This antheridium initial stem cell produces multiple antheridium apical stem cells, resulting in a cluster of antheridia at the tip of gametophore. This is the first report of a land plant stem cell directly producing another type of stem cell during normal development. Notably, the antheridium apical stem cells are distally produced from the antheridium initial stem cell, similar to the root cap stem cells of vascular plants, suggesting the use of similar molecular mechanisms and a possible evolutionary relationship. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

scholarly journals Molecular Aspects of Regeneration Mechanisms in Holothurians

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Yu. Dolmatov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Different Cell Types

Holothurians, or sea cucumbers, belong to the phylum Echinodermata. They show good regenerative abilities. The present review provides an analysis of available data on the molecular aspects of regeneration mechanisms in holothurians. The genes and signaling pathways activated during the asexual reproduction and the formation of the anterior and posterior parts of the body, as well as the molecular mechanisms that provide regeneration of the nervous and digestive systems, are considered here. Damage causes a strong stress response, the signs of which are recorded even at late regeneration stages. In holothurian tissues, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes increase. Furthermore, the cellular and humoral components of the immune system are activated. Extracellular matrix remodeling and Wnt signaling play a major role in the regeneration in holothurians. All available morphological and molecular data show that the dedifferentiation of specialized cells in the remnant of the organ and the epithelial morphogenesis constitute the basis of regeneration in holothurians. However, depending on the type of damage, the mechanisms of regeneration may differ significantly in the spatial organization of regeneration process, the involvement of different cell types, and the depth of reprogramming of their genome (dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation).

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: Recent insights towards their role in male infertility and reproductive cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Babar Khawar ◽  
Rabia Mehmood ◽  
Nabila Roohi
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Reproductive Cancers ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Different Cell Types

Spermatogenesis is a tightly controlled, multi-step process in which mature spermatozoa are produced. Disruption of regulatory mechanisms in spermatogenesis can lead to male infertility, various diseases of male reproductive system, or even cancer. The spermatogenic impairment in infertile men can be associated with different etiologies, and the exact molecular mechanisms are yet to be determined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-protein coding RNAs, about 22 nucleotides long, with an essential role in post-transcriptional regulation. miRNAs have been recognized as important regulators of various biological processes, including spermatogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature on the role of miRNAs in spermatogenesis, male infertility and reproductive cancers, and to evaluate their potential in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of disease. Experimental evidence shows that aberrant expression of miRNAs affects spermatogenesis at multiple stages and in different cell types, most often resulting in infertility. In more severe cases, dysregulation of miRNAs leads to cancer. miRNAs have enormous potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in male infertility and reproductive system diseases. However, to exploit this potential fully, we need a better understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of spermatogenesis, including the characterization of yet unidentified miRNAs and related regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Molecular regulation of copper excretion in the liver

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cisca Wijmenga ◽  
Leo W. J. Klomp
Keyword(s):  
Wilson Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Human Disorder ◽  
Cu Homeostasis ◽  
P Type ◽  
Pleiotropic Function

Cu is an essential nutrient that is required for a broad range of cellular and molecular processes. Mammals have efficient systems to control Cu homeostasis that operate at the level of controlling uptake, distribution, sequestration and excretion of Cu. The study of diseases associated with disturbed Cu homeostasis has greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in Cu metabolism. In man the liver is responsible for excreting excess Cu from the body by means of biliary secretion. Wilson disease is a severe human disorder characterized by Cu accumulation in the liver as a result of a deficiency in biliary Cu secretion. This disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes a Cu-transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7B). The MURR1 gene was identified recently, and it was hypothesized that this gene is also essential for biliary Cu excretion and is presumed to act downstream of ATP7B. MURR1 is mutated in canine Cu toxicosis, a disorder with phenotypic characteristics similar to those of Wilson disease. MURR1 encodes a protein that is of unknown function and is without detectable sequence homology to known proteins. MURR1 is readily detected in all tissues and cell types, suggesting that it may exhibit a pleiotropic function in different organs, which may or may not be exclusively linked to Cu homeostasis. The use of genetic, biochemical and genomic tools, as well as the development of appropriate models in organisms other than dog, will allow the elucidation of the molecular and cellular function of MURR1 in relation to hepatic Cu homeostasis and biliary Cu excretion.

scholarly journals Regenerating vascular mural cells in zebrafish fin blood vessels are not derived from pre-existing ones and differentially require pdgfrb signaling for their development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt F Siekmann ◽  
Elvin Vincent Leonard ◽  
Ricardo Figueroa ◽  
Jeroen Bussmann ◽  
Julio D Amigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mural Cell ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Mural Cells

Vascular networks are comprised of endothelial cells and mural cells, which include pericytes and smooth muscle cells. It is well established that new endothelial cells are derived from pre-existing ones during the angiogenic phase of blood vessel growth. By contrast, mural cell ontogeny is less clear with an ongoing debate whether mural cells possess mesenchymal stem cell properties. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling mural cell recruitment during development and tissue regeneration, we studied the formation of zebrafish caudal fin arteries. Mural cells showed morphological heterogeneity: cells colonizing arteries proximal to the body wrapped around them, while those in more distal regions extended protrusions along the proximo-distal vascular axis. Despite these differences, both cell populations expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (Pdgfrb) and the smooth muscle cell marker myosin heavy chain 11a (Myh11a). Loss of Pdgfrb signalling during development or tissue regeneration resulted in a substantial decrease in mural cells at the vascular front, while those proximal to the body were less affected. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrate that precursor cells located in periarterial regions of the caudal fin and expressing Pgdfrb can give rise to mural cells, while in regeneration newly formed mural cells were not derived from pre-existing ones. Together, our findings reveal conserved roles for pdgfrb signalling in development and regeneration, while at the same time illustrating a limited capacity of mural cells to self-renew or contribute to other cell types during tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Dual binding capacity of mucosal immunoblasts to mucosal and synovial endothelium in humans: dissection of the molecular mechanisms.

1995 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Salmi ◽  
D P Andrew ◽  
E C Butcher ◽  
S Jalkanen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Lymphocyte Function ◽  
High Endothelial Venules ◽  
Lamina Propria Lymphocyte ◽  
The Impact

Lymphocytes continuously migrate throughout the body in search of antigens. Virgin lymphocytes recirculate freely between the blood and different lymphatic organs, whereas immunoblasts extravasate preferentially into sites similar to those where they initially responded to antigen. Tissue-specific extravasation of lymphocytes is largely controlled by distinct lymphocyte surface receptors that mediate lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules (HEV). In the present study, the molecular mechanisms determining the specificity of human mucosal (lamina propria) lymphocyte binding to different endothelial recognition systems were analyzed. Mucosal immunoblasts adhered five times better than small mucosal lymphocytes to mucosal HEV. Importantly, mucosal immunoblasts also bound to synovial HEV almost as efficiently as to mucosal HEV, but they did not adhere to peripheral lymph node HEV. To study the impact of different homing-associated molecules in this dual endothelial binding, we used a gut-derived T cell line and freshly isolated mucosal immunoblasts. Both cell types expressed integrins alpha 4, beta 1, beta 7, and lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), and were CD44 positive, but practically L-selectin negative. Binding of mucosal immunoblasts to mucosal HEV was almost completely abolished by pretreatment with anti-beta 7 monoclonal antibodies, but it was independent of alpha 4/beta 1 function. In contrast, alpha 4/beta 1 partially mediated immunoblast adherence to synovial HEV, whereas alpha 4/beta 7 had only a minor role in adherence of blasts at this site. CD44 and LFA-1 contributed to HEV-binding both in mucosa and synovium. Taken together, this is the first report that demonstrates a critical role for alpha 4/beta 7 in the binding of gut lymphocytes to mucosal venules in humans. Moreover, a hitherto unknown interaction between mucosal effector cells and synovial endothelial cells was shown to be only partially mediated by the currently known homing receptors. The dual endothelial binding capacity of mucosal blasts may help to explain the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis not uncommonly associated with inflammatory and infectious bowel disease.

scholarly journals Tissue Regeneration without Stem Cell Transplantation: Self-Healing Potential from Ancestral Chemistry and Physical Energies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Facchin ◽  
Eva Bianconi ◽  
Silvia Canaider ◽  
Valentina Basoli ◽  
Pier Mario Biava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations

The human body constantly regenerates after damage due to the self-renewing and differentiating properties of its resident stem cells. To recover the damaged tissues and regenerate functional organs, scientific research in the field of regenerative medicine is firmly trying to understand the molecular mechanisms through which the regenerative potential of stem cells may be unfolded into a clinical application. The finding that some organisms are capable of regenerative processes and the study of conserved evolutionary patterns in tissue regeneration may lead to the identification of natural molecules of ancestral species capable to extend their regenerative potential to human tissues. Such a possibility has also been strongly suggested as a result of the use of physical energies, such as electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations in human adult stem cells. Results from scientific studies on stem cell modulation confirm the possibility to afford a chemical manipulation of stem cell fate in vitro and pave the way to the use of natural molecules, as well as electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations to target human stem cells in their niche inside the body, enhancing human natural ability for self-healing.

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