scholarly journals European Patent in Immunoncology: From Immunological Principles of Implantation to Cancer Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska M. Würfel ◽  
Christoph Winterhalter ◽  
Peter Trenkwalder ◽  
Ralph M. Wirtz ◽  
Wolfgang Würfel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Second Step ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Immunological Treatment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
In Pregnancy

The granted European patent EP 2 561 890 describes a procedure for an immunological treatment of cancer. It is based on the principles of the HLA-supported communication of implantation and pregnancy. These principles ensure that the embryo is not rejected by the mother. In pregnancy, the placenta, more specifically the trophoblast, creates an “interface” between the embryo/fetus and the maternal immune system. Trophoblasts do not express the “original” HLA identification of the embryo/fetus (HLA-A to -DQ), but instead show the non-classical HLA groups E, F, and G. During interaction with specific receptors of NK cells (e.g., killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR)) and lymphocytes (lymphocyte-immunoglobulin-like receptors (LIL-R)), the non-classical HLA groups inhibit these immunocompetent cells outside pregnancy. However, tumors are known to be able to express these non-classical HLA groups and thus make use of an immuno-communication as in pregnancies. If this occurs, the prognosis usually worsens. This patent describes, in a first step, the profiling of the non-classical HLA groups in primary tumor tissue as well as metastases and recurrent tumors. The second step comprises tailored antibody therapies, which is the subject of this patent. In this review, we analyze the underlying mechanisms and describe the currently known differences between HLA-supported communication of implantation and that of tumors.

scholarly journals Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
UTÉ VOLLMER-CONNA
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Sickness Behaviour ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al. 1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g. stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie & Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996; Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood non-specific symptom clusters.

scholarly journals Development of a core outcome set for immunomodulation in pregnancy (COSIMPREG): a protocol for a systematic review and Delphi study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e021619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelmer R Prins ◽  
Floor Holvast ◽  
Janneke van ’t Hooft ◽  
Arend F Bos ◽  
Jan Willem Ganzevoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Core Outcome Set ◽  
Core Outcome ◽  
Reproductive Immunology ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Outcome Set ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionTo establish pregnancy, the maternal immune system must adapt to tolerate the semiallogenic fetus. Less than optimal adaptation of the maternal immune system during (early) pregnancy is implicated in several complications of pregnancy. The development of effective immune modulation interventions as preventive or therapeutic strategies for pregnancy complications holds promise. Several studies sought to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of various approaches. However, a limitation is the high variability in clinical and immune outcomes that are reported. We, therefore, aim to develop a core outcome set for application to studies of immune modulation in pregnancy (COSIMPREG).Methods and analysisWe will use a stepwise approach to develop a COSIMPREG. First, we will perform a systematic review to identify reported outcomes. For this review, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines will be followed. Second, we will use the Delphi method to develop a preliminary COSIMPREG. In three rounds, the outcomes of the systematic review will be scored. A panel comprising experts from relevant disciplines and diverse geographical locations will be assembled until a sufficient quality of the panel is reached. We will use predefined decision rules for outcomes. After each round outcomes, including scores, will be returned to the panel for further refinement. The outcomes not excluded after the third round will be taken to a consensus meeting. In this meeting, experts from all relevant disciplines will discuss and finalise the COSIMPREG.Ethics and disseminationFor this study ethical approval is not required. The systematic review will be published in an appropriate open access reproductive immunology journal. Once the COSIMPREG is finalised, it will be published in an open access reproductive immunology journal, and disseminated at appropriate international meetings, as well as through relevant research and scientific societies. Experts involved in the Delphi study will be asked to give informed consent.

Immunmodulatory Effects of LPS of Clinically Relevant Pathogens to the Fetale Immune System in Pregnancy

2009 ◽  
Vol 213 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Schmalzbauer-Reuschel ◽  
L Deml ◽  
K Entleutner ◽  
U Zähringer ◽  
B Seelbach-Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
In Pregnancy

Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed RG
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Perinatal Management ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

scholarly journals MITF induces escape from innate immunity in melanoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez-del-Campo ◽  
Román Martí-Díaz ◽  
María F. Montenegro ◽  
Rebeca González-Guerrero ◽  
Trinidad Hernández-Caselles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Reporter Assays ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Nk Cytotoxicity

Abstract Background The application of immune-based therapies has revolutionized cancer treatment. Yet how the immune system responds to phenotypically heterogeneous populations within tumors is poorly understood. In melanoma, one of the major determinants of phenotypic identity is the lineage survival oncogene MITF that integrates diverse microenvironmental cues to coordinate melanoma survival, senescence bypass, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, metabolism and DNA damage repair. Whether MITF also controls the immune response is unknown. Methods By using several mouse melanoma models, we examine the potential role of MITF to modulate the anti-melanoma immune response. ChIP-seq data analysis, ChIP-qPCR, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and luciferase reporter assays were utilized to identify ADAM10 as a direct MITF target gene. Western blotting, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the underlying mechanisms by which MITF-driven phenotypic plasticity modulates melanoma NK cell-mediated killing. Results Here we show that MITF regulates expression of ADAM10, a key sheddase that cleaves the MICA/B family of ligands for NK cells. By controlling melanoma recognition by NK-cells MITF thereby controls the melanoma response to the innate immune system. Consequently, while melanoma MITFLow cells can be effectively suppressed by NK-mediated killing, MITF-expressing cells escape NK cell surveillance. Conclusion Our results reveal how modulation of MITF activity can impact the anti-melanoma immune response with implications for the application of anti-melanoma immunotherapies.

Progestogens for treatment and prevention of pregnancy disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolf E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Premature Birth ◽  
Previous History ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Threatened Abortion ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractProgesterone appears to be the dominant hormone not only establishing a proper secretory endometrial development but also adequate decidualization to establish pregnancy and sustain pregnancy development. Progesterone is the natural immunoregulator to control the maternal immune system and not to reject the allogeneic fetus. There are two sources of progesterone: corpus luteum first and placenta later. Three progestogens can be used in pregnancy: (i) progesterone (per os, intravaginal and intramuscular), (ii) dydrogesterone (per os), and (iii) 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (intramuscular). There are three indications, for which these progestogens can be clinically used either for treatment or prevention: (i) first trimester threatened and recurrent (habitual) abortion, (ii) premature labor/premature birth, and (iii) pre-eclampsia (hypertension in pregnancy). The available data are limited and only partially randomized. In threatened abortion the use of progesterone, dydrogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate leads to a significant improved outcome, when at the time of threatened abortion a viable fetus has been ascertained by ultrasound. For prevention of recurrent abortion there are also some data indicating a significant effect compared with women without progestogen treatment. Prevention of preterm birth by progestogens (progesterone vaginally, orally and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate intramuscularly) was significantly effective. The main study groups include pregnant women with a previous history of premature birth. However, also in women with shortened cervix use of progesterone seems to be helpful. The studies done so far in women with risk factors for pre-eclampsia or established pre-eclampsia were based on parenteral progesterone application. However, new studies are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Psychoneuroimmunology: stress effects on pathogenesis and immunity during infection.

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Sheridan ◽  
C Dobbs ◽  
D Brown ◽  
B Zwilling
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The mammalian response to stress involves the release of soluble products from the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cells of the immune system respond to many of the hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides through specific receptors. The function of the immune system is critical in the mammalian response to infectious disease. A growing body of evidence identifies stress as a cofactor in infectious disease susceptibility and outcomes. It has been suggested that effects of stress on the immune system may mediate the relationship between stress and infectious disease. This article reviews recent psychoneuroimmunology literature exploring the effects of stress on the pathogenesis of, and immune response to, infectious disease in mammals.

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