scholarly journals An Update on Anti-CD137 Antibodies in Immunotherapies for Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinh-Toi Chu ◽  
Nguyen Duy Bac ◽  
Khanh-Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Le Bao Tien ◽  
Vo Van Thanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Selective Expression

The selective expression of CD137 on cells of the immune system (e.g., T and DC cells) and oncogenic cells in several types of cancer leads this molecule to be an attractive target to discover cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, specific antibodies against CD137 are being studied and developed aiming to activate and enhance anti-cancer immune responses as well as suppress oncogenic cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-CD137 antibodies can be used separately to prevent tumor in some cases, while in other cases, these antibodies need to be co-administered with other antibodies or drugs/vaccines/regents for a better performance. Thus, in this work, we aim to update and discuss current knowledge about anti-cancer effects of anti-CD137 antibodies as mono- and combined-immunotherapies.

scholarly journals Design and Encapsulation of Immunomodulators onto Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8037
Author(s):  
Akshita Chauhan ◽  
Tabassum Khan ◽  
Abdelwahab Omri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Clearance ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Plasmonic Effect ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapeutic

The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to reactivate autoimmune responses to combat cancer cells. To stimulate the immune system, immunomodulators, such as adjuvants, cytokines, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors, are extensively designed and studied. Immunomodulators have several drawbacks, such as drug instability, limited half-life, rapid drug clearance, and uncontrolled immune responses when used directly in cancer immunotherapy. Several strategies have been used to overcome these limitations. A simple and effective approach is the loading of immunomodulators onto gold-based nanoparticles (GNPs). As gold is highly biocompatible, GNPs can be administered intravenously, which aids in increasing cancer cell permeability and retention time. Various gold nanoplatforms, including nanospheres, nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages, and nanostars have been effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Gold nanostars (GNS) are one of the most promising GNP platforms because of their unusual star-shaped geometry, which significantly increases light absorption and provides high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency due to the plasmonic effect. As a result, GNPs are a useful vehicle for delivering antigens and adjuvants that support the immune system in killing tumor cells by facilitating or activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This review represents recent progress in encapsulating immunomodulators into GNPs for utility in a cancer immunotherapeutic regimen.

scholarly journals Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiel van Geffen ◽  
Astrid Deißler ◽  
Markus Quante ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Talkin’ Toxins: From Coley’s to Modern Cancer Immunotherapy

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Carlson ◽  
John C. Flickinger ◽  
Adam E. Snook
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Autologous Cell ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Fight Against Cancer

The ability of the immune system to precisely target and eliminate aberrant or infected cells has long been studied in the field of infectious diseases. Attempts to define and exploit these potent immunological processes in the fight against cancer has been a longstanding effort dating back over 100 years to when Dr. William Coley purposefully infected cancer patients with a cocktail of heat-killed bacteria to stimulate anti-cancer immune processes. Although the field of cancer immunotherapy has been dotted with skepticism at times, the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and recent FDA approvals of autologous cell therapies have pivoted immunotherapy to center stage as one of the most promising strategies to treat cancer. This review aims to summarize historic milestones throughout the field of cancer immunotherapy as well as highlight current and promising immunotherapies in development.

scholarly journals Trends in Cancer Immunotherapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMO.S4795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Molecular Immunology ◽  
And Function

Modulation of the immune system for therapeutic ends has a long history, stretching back to Edward Jenner's use of cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox in 1796. Since then, immunotherapy, in the form of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, has enabled doctors to treat and prevent a variety of infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Immunotherapy is now increasingly being applied to oncology. Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system for the treatment of malignancy. Although cancer cells are less immunogenic than pathogens, the immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. However, tumors frequently interfere with the development and function of immune responses. Thus, the challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to apply advances in cellular and molecular immunology and develop strategies that effectively and safely augment antitumor responses.

scholarly journals Strategies of current cancer immunotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 898-908
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Rzepka ◽  
Marta Knapik ◽  
Dorota Wrześniok
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adoptive Cell Transfer ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies ◽  
Significant Health

Cancers are a significant health problem in the world. The most common therapeutic methods applied in oncology are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical methods. Finding new therapies in this branch of medicine, as well as developing solutions with the highest possible effectiveness, taking into account the multifactorial nature of cancer, is important from both the scientific and medical point of view and, for obvious reasons, it is in the interest of many people. Immunotherapy, despite many years of initial failures, has become one of the most important clinically approved new treatments in oncology and is now successfully used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Current immunotherapeutic strategies are based on monoclonal antibodies (including inhibitors of immune control points), cytokines, anti-cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, as well as adoptive cell transfer. For many cancer immunotherapies, an increase in their effectiveness is observed when they are used with other types of immunotherapy as well as in combination with molecular targeted therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The dynamic development of cancer immunotherapy since the beginning of the 21st century results from the advances in genetic engineering, as well as from the increase in knowledge about the anticancer immune response and the nature of cancer cells including abnormalities in their metabolism, the ability to create a tumor microenvironment and the induction of immunosuppression. The aim of the study is to present current knowledge in the field of cancer immunotherapy strategies.

scholarly journals Au naturale: use of biologically derived cyclic di-nucleotides for cancer immunotherapy

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Type I Interferon ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Cancer

Cyclic di-nucleotides (CDNs) are widespread second messenger signalling molecules that regulate fundamental biological processes across the tree of life. These molecules are also potent modulators of the immune system, inducing a Type I interferon response upon binding to the eukaryotic receptor STING. Such a response in tumours induces potent immune anti-cancer responses and thus CDNs are being developed as a novel cancer immunotherapy. In this review, I will highlight the use, challenges and advantages of using naturally occurring CDNs to treat cancer.

scholarly journals Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1055-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley A. Plotkin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Protective Response ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.

scholarly journals HistoplasmaVirulence and Host Responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mircea Radu Mihu ◽  
Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Extent ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Histoplasma capsulatumis the most prevalent cause of fungal respiratory disease. The disease extent and outcomes are the result of the complex interaction between the pathogen and a host's immune system. The focus of our paper consists in presenting the current knowledge regarding the multiple facets of the dynamic host-pathogen relationship in the context of the virulence arsenal displayed by the fungus and the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.

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