scholarly journals Role and Functional Differences of HKT1-Type Transporters in Plants under Salt Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhtar Ali ◽  
Albino Maggio ◽  
Ray Bressan ◽  
Dae-Jin Yun
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Shed Light

Abiotic stresses generally cause a series of morphological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth and productivity. Among these stresses, soil salinity is a major threat that can seriously impair crop yield. To cope with the effects of high salinity on plants, it is important to understand the mechanisms that plants use to deal with it, including those activated in response to disturbed Na+ and K+ homeostasis at cellular and molecular levels. HKT1-type transporters are key determinants of Na+ and K+ homeostasis under salt stress and they contribute to reduce Na+-specific toxicity in plants. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the function of HKT1-type transporters and their importance in different plant species under salt stress. Comparison between HKT1 homologs in different plant species will shed light on different approaches plants may use to cope with salinity.

scholarly journals Down-Regulation of SlGRAS10 in Tomato Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Sidra Habib ◽  
Yee Yee Lwin ◽  
Ning Li
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Down Regulation

Adverse environmental factors like salt stress, drought, and extreme temperatures, cause damage to plant growth, development, and crop yield. GRAS transcription factors (TFs) have numerous functions in biological processes. Some studies have reported that the GRAS protein family plays significant functions in plant growth and development under abiotic stresses. In this study, we demonstrated the functional characterization of a tomato SlGRAS10 gene under abiotic stresses such as salt stress and drought. Down-regulation of SlGRAS10 by RNA interference (RNAi) produced dwarf plants with smaller leaves, internode lengths, and enhanced flavonoid accumulation. We studied the effects of abiotic stresses on RNAi and wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, SlGRAS10-RNAi plants were more tolerant to abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and Abscisic acid) than the WT plants. Down-regulation of SlGRAS10 significantly enhanced the expressions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to reduce the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2− and H2O2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents were remarkably high in SlGRAS10-RNAi plants. Furthermore, the expression levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and stress-related genes were also enhanced under abiotic stress conditions. Collectively, our conclusions emphasized the significant function of SlGRAS10 as a stress tolerate transcription factor in a certain variety of abiotic stress tolerance by enhancing osmotic potential, flavonoid biosynthesis, and ROS scavenging system in the tomato plant.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Stresses (Heat, Salt, Waterlogging) on Grain Yield and Associated Traits of Wheat under Application of Sulfur-Coated Urea

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2340
Author(s):  
Adil Altaf ◽  
Xinkai Zhu ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
Ma Quan ◽  
Sana Irshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Coated Urea

Abiotic stresses, such as heat, salt, waterlogging, and multiple-stress environments have significantly reduced wheat production in recent decades. There is a need to use effective strategies for overcoming crop losses due to these abiotic stresses. Fertilizer-based approaches are readily available and can be managed in all farming communities. This research revealed the effects of sulfur-coated urea (SCU, 130 kg ha−1, release time of 120 days) on wheat crops under heat, salt, waterlogging, and combined-stress climatic conditions. The research was done using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results revealed that SCU at a rate of 130 kg of N ha−1 showed a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) high SPAD value (55) in the case of waterlogging stress, while it was the lowest (31) in the case of heat stress; the control had a SPAD value of 58. Stress application significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the leaf area and was the highest in control (1898 cm2), followed by salt stress (1509 cm2), waterlogging (1478 cm2), and heat stress (1298 cm2). A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowest crop yield was observed in the case of heat stress (3623.47 kg ha−1) among all stresses, while it was 10,270 kg ha−1 in control and was reduced up to 35% after the application of heat stress. Among all stresses, the salt stress showed the highest crop yield of 5473.16 kg ha−1. A significant correlation was observed among growth rate, spike length, yield, and physiological constraints with N content in the soil. The SCU fertilizer was the least effective against heat stress but could tolerate salt stress in wheat plants. The findings suggested the feasibility of adding SCU as an alternative to normal urea to alleviate salt stresses and improve wheat crop growth and yield traits. For heat stress tolerance, the applicability of SCU with a longer release period of ~180 days is recommended as a future prospect for study.

scholarly journals Seed Priming With Protein Hydrolysates Improves Arabidopsis Growth and Stress Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirella Sorrentino ◽  
Nuria De Diego ◽  
Lydia Ugena ◽  
Lukáš Spíchal ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Promote Plant Growth

The use of plant biostimulants contributes to more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming techniques and offers a sustainable alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of stress. Protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants have been described to promote plant growth and reduce the negative effect of abiotic stresses in different crops. However, limited information is available about their mechanism of action, how plants perceive their application, and which metabolic pathways are activating. Here we used a multi-trait high-throughput screening approach based on simple RGB imaging and combined with untargeted metabolomics to screen and unravel the mode of action/mechanism of protein hydrolysates in Arabidopsis plants grown in optimal and in salt-stress conditions (0, 75, or 150 mM NaCl). Eleven protein hydrolysates from different protein sources were used as priming agents in Arabidopsis seeds in three different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 μl ml–1). Growth and development-related traits as early seedling establishment, growth response under stress and photosynthetic performance of the plants were dynamically scored throughout and at the end of the growth period. To effectively classify the functional properties of the 11 products a Plant Biostimulant Characterization (PBC) index was used, which helped to characterize the activity of a protein hydrolysate based on its ability to promote plant growth and mitigate stress, and to categorize the products as plant growth promoters, growth inhibitors and/or stress alleviator. Out of 11 products, two were identified as highly effective growth regulators and stress alleviators because they showed a PBC index always above 0.51. Using the untargeted metabolomics approach, we showed that plants primed with these best performing biostimulants had reduced contents of stress-related molecules (such as flavonoids and terpenoids, and some degradation/conjugation compounds of phytohormones such as cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins, etc.), which alleviated the salt stress response-related growth inhibition.

Effect on Soil Properties and Maize Growth by Alternate Irrigation with Brackish Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyi Huang ◽  
Zhanyu Zhang ◽  
Zhuping Sheng ◽  
Chengli Zhu ◽  
Yaming Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract. With growing competition for freshwater by industrialization and urbanization, brackish water irrigation has been increasingly used for agricultural production. One of major concerns is the accumulation of salt and its impacts on soil properties and crop yield. If properly managed, alternate irrigation with brackish and freshwater might alleviate the adverse impacts of salt on soil physicochemical properties and plant growth. To exploit proper alternate irrigation to minimize such impacts, a maize pot experiment was conducted at three stages (seedling, jointing and tasseling, and after tasseling) with three alternate irrigation methods (BFF: brackish-fresh-fresh, FBF: fresh-brackish-fresh, and FFB: fresh-fresh-brackish) and with three salinities (1.69, 4.81, and 7.94 dS m-1), respectively. The results show that compared to freshwater irrigation, alternate irrigation with high-salinity brackish water increased soil electrical conductivity by 4.1% to 207.4% and reduced soil infiltration rate by 19.2% to 51.9%. The adverse impacts were more prominent in FBF and FFB than in BFF due to the higher proportions of brackish water in FBF and FFB. High-salinity brackish water also caused salt stress on maize growth and decreased evapotranspiration, relative water content, intrinsic water use efficiency, and electron transport rate by 6.6% to 30.6%, 2.1% to 10.2%, 7.3% to 17.9%, and 7.2% to 39.6%, respectively, leading to reduced growth and productivity. The salt stress was more pronounced in BFF and FBF than in FFB because maize is more salt-sensitive during the vegetative stage. Overall, brackish water irrigation at the jointing and tasseling stage (FBF) caused the most severe impacts on both soil and maize, so freshwater is advocated at this stage. In BFF, due to sufficient freshwater irrigation at later stages, slightly saline irrigation can be applied at the seedling stage without evident adverse effects. Higher-salinity brackish water was used successfully in the after-tasseling stage (FFB), although salt leaching by off-season rainfall was needed after harvest for sustainable production. Keywords: Crop yield, Saline water, Salt stress, Soil salinity, Water use efficiency.

Salt spray and soil salinity

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anwar Maun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Salt Crystals ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
Spilling Breakers

Salt spray is an important abiotic stress that affects plant and other biotic communities in the vicinity of sea coasts. Salt stress refers only to excess of ions in the environment, but along sea coasts it specifically involves increased amounts of Na+ and Cl− ions. Anyone who has visited a sea coast on windy days has experienced the landward movement of salt in the form of salt spray. Salisbury (1805) reported details of a marine storm in England following gale force winds from the east for one week. He writes: ‘On the 14th of January 1803, I observed an east window of my house, which had been cleaned a few days before, covered on the outside with an apparent hoar frost.’ Chemical analysis showed that it was salt from salt spray that had been deposited on plants, buildings and other objects. In spring of that year he made two observations: (i) plant taxa showed differential tolerance to salt spray and (ii) injury was more pronounced on the windward than the leeward sides of plants. Salt spray acts as a strong environmental stress and populations of biotic organisms have evolved traits that allow them to tolerate the effects of salt. The salt crystals also act as condensation nuclei in the air and damage plants by abrasion during wind storms. However, salt spray may also be beneficial because it improves plant growth by providing some essential nutrients. Many researchers have examined the role of salt spray on survival, distribution and growth form of plant species. In this chapter the effects of salt spray and soil salinity on seed germination, seedling survival and plant growth will be examined. Symptoms of injury to plants, mechanisms of salt tolerance and comparisons between plant species native to the coastal dunes will also be discussed. Three factors—wind speed, wave amplitude and wind direction—influence the formation of salt spray. Waves of high amplitude produce four basic types of breakers: surging, collapsing, plunging and spilling. The steepest waves with high turbulence create spilling breakers with a bore accompanied by large quantities of small foam bubbles.

scholarly journals Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El-Esawi ◽  
Ibrahim Alaraidh ◽  
Abdulaziz Alsahli ◽  
Saud Alzahrani ◽  
Hayssam Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Serratia Liquefaciens ◽  
Stress Related Genes

High salinity mitigates crop productivity and quality. Plant growth-promoting soil rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance via mediating various physiological and molecular mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of the PGPR strain Serratia liquefaciens KM4 on the growth and physiological and molecular responsiveness of maize (Zea mays L.) plants under salinity stress (0, 80, and 160 mM NaCl). High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize. However, osmolyte content (e.g., soluble proteins, proline, and free amino acids), oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels were increased in maize under high salinity. On the other hand, Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, but increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress. Moreover, it was found that all these improvements were accompanied with the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX, CAT, SOD, RBCS, RBCL, H+-PPase, HKT1, and NHX1), and downregulation of the key gene in ABA biosynthesis (NCED). Taken together, the results demonstrate the beneficial role of Serratia liquefaciens KM4 in improving plant growth and salt stress tolerance in maize by regulating ion homeostasis, redox potential, leaf gas exchange, and stress-related genes expression.

scholarly journals Salinity Influence on Leymus chinensis Characteristics in a Temperate Meadow Ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-467
Author(s):  
Defu HAN ◽  
Hongbing CAO ◽  
Tao ZHANG ◽  
Lianxuan SHI ◽  
Jixun GUO
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
June July

Salinity is an important restrictive factor for plant growth and ecosystem productivity. However, the endogenous mechanisms by which salinity constrains plant growth are not well understood. To determine the mechanism by which soil salinity suppresses plant growth under salt stress, the effect of soil salinity on hormones in the leaves of Leymus chinensis and the plant density, height and biomass were examined in Songnen meadow steppe. The plants with rhizosphere soil were collected in the growing season (May, June, July, September, October) from the field at different salt levels. The shoot density, height and biomass accumulation of L. chinensis highly decreased with the increase in the soil salinity. Salinity significantly reduced the synthesis of the hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) and indoleacetic acid (IAA), but it increased the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA). Significant negative correlations between the soil electrical conductivity and plant leaf hormones (GA3, r = -0.853, P < 0.05; IAA r = -0.971; P<0.01) related to plant growth and positive correlation with ABA (r = 0.931, P<0.01) were observed. Significant positive correlations between the plant hormones related to plant growth (GA3 and IAA) were observed, but negative correlations were found between ABA and plant density (r = -0.872, P<0.05) and height (r = -0.833, P<0.05). The results suggest that soil salinity might restrict plant growth and biomass accumulation by reducing the synthesis of GA3 and IAA and increasing the synthesis of ABA under salt stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Salinity on the Macro- and Micronutrient Contents of a Halophytic Plant Species (Portulaca oleracea L.)

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Gulom Bekmirzaev ◽  
Baghdad Ouddane ◽  
Jose Beltrao ◽  
Mukhamadkhon Khamidov ◽  
Yoshiharu Fujii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Halophytic Plant ◽  
Salinized Soil

The main purpose of the two consecutive experimental studies presented here was to compare the effect of salinity on nutrients in leaves of the halophytic plant species Portulaca oleracea L. and in soil. The first experiment was conducted to study the effect of salinity on plant growth, biomass accumulation, yield, root layer development, salt accumulation, and the dynamics of changes in mineral substances in plants and soil. In the second experiment, P. oleracea seeds were sown directly into salinized soil (treated immediately before plant growth) to determine the nutrient levels in leaves and soil. Three salinity treatments (saline water solution with NaCl: T1, 5 dS m−1; T2, 9.8 dS m−1; and T3, 20 dS m−1) and a control treatment (T0, 1 dS m−1) were used in the first experiment. The soil in the second experiment was used in a previous study (performed immediately before P. oleracea growth) (salinized soil: T1, 7.2 dS m−1; T2, 8.8 dS m−1; T3, 15.6 dS m−1; T0, 1.9 dS m−1). The plants were irrigated with tap water at amounts in the range of 0.25–0.50 L/pot. Analysis of the experimental results showed that P. oleracea is resistant to salinity, is able to remove ions (400–500 kg ha−1 NaCl), and can be grown in saline soil. The results indicated that P. oleracea is able to grow in high-salinity soil. This finding was confirmed by the dry matter obtained under high-salinity conditions. Salinity stress affected nutrient uptake in leaves and soil.

Evaluating efficacy of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and potassium fertilizer on spinach growth under salt stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye ◽  
Fiza Mahmood ◽  
Subhan Danish ◽  
Shahid Hussain ◽  
Mehreen Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting
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