scholarly journals Materials for Photovoltaics: State of Art and Recent Developments

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 976 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luceño-Sánchez ◽  
Ana Díez-Pascual ◽  
Rafael Peña Capilla
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Art

In recent years, photovoltaic cell technology has grown extraordinarily as a sustainable source of energy, as a consequence of the increasing concern over the impact of fossil fuel-based energy on global warming and climate change. The different photovoltaic cells developed up to date can be classified into four main categories called generations (GEN), and the current market is mainly covered by the first two GEN. The 1GEN (mono or polycrystalline silicon cells and gallium arsenide) comprises well-known medium/low cost technologies that lead to moderate yields. The 2GEN (thin-film technologies) includes devices that have lower efficiency albeit are cheaper to manufacture. The 3GEN presents the use of novel materials, as well as a great variability of designs, and comprises expensive but very efficient cells. The 4GEN, also known as “inorganics-in-organics”, combines the low cost/flexibility of polymer thin films with the stability of novel inorganic nanostructures (i.e., metal nanoparticles and metal oxides) with organic-based nanomaterials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives), and are currently under investigation. The main goal of this review is to show the current state of art on photovoltaic cell technology in terms of the materials used for the manufacture, efficiency and production costs. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the four generations is performed, including the device architectures, their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is placed on the 4GEN, where the diverse roles of the organic and nano-components are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are summarized.

scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

scholarly journals Study of a Broadband Difference Interferometer Based on Low-Cost Polymer Slab Waveguides

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Gut
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Output Signal ◽  
Propagation Constant ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waveguide Layer ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Slab Waveguide ◽  
Polymer Waveguides ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

A model and the waveguide parameters of a broadband, polymer-based slab waveguide difference interferometer is presented in this paper. The parameters were determined based on knowledge of the dispersion in the structure materials used to fabricate the waveguide. The impact of the waveguide layer thickness, propagation path length, and change in the waveguide cover refractive index on the output signal from the system was determined. It has been shown that the direction of the maximum shifting is determined by the thickness of the waveguide layer. A relationship describing the shift in the signal extrema for a change in the waveguide cover refractive index was derived. The results show that the use of a propagation constant simplifies the description of the interferometer. Polymer waveguides, although they have a small contrast in refractive indices, allow for large shifts in the maxima of the signal. The determined shifts in the output signal extrema for polymer waveguides are comparable, and these shifts are larger for some waveguide thicknesses compared to waveguides based on Si3N4.

Three-layer Permutation of the Phonionic Structure and the Influence of the Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2571-2574
Author(s):  
Michal Szota
Keyword(s):  
Layer Structure ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transmission Structure ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wave Filters ◽  
Different Thickness

The study investigated the influence of permutation of a three-layer structure on the phononic system transmission. Phononic structures are used as mechanical wave filters. These composites are designed and manufactured to have specific properties. The most important property is the presence of phononic bandgaps (PhBG) in these structures. They are designed so that the PhBG occurs in a given frequency range. Knowledge of the impact of deployment of the layets in the structure allows better design of these filters. The analysis was carried out using the transmission matrix method (TMM) algorithm. The transmission structures was examined for all permutations of a system of three layers made of different materials. The structure consisted of mercury, epoxy, rubber and PNM-0.38PT. The materials are chosen so that their characteristics largely differ. The structure was surrounded by water. The tests were carried out for the frequency range up to 1 MHz. Cases with different thickness of layers were analyzed. The tests have shown that regardless of the layer thickness, only three types of transmission structures exist in the six permutations of the system. Systems in which the middle layer remained unchanged, while the outermost layers were changed, were characterized by the same transmission structure. Increasing the thickness of the layers increased the number of transmission bands. Transmission strongly depends on the environment.The absorption of the materials used was not taken into account in the work. Interesting results can be obtained by analyzing the permutation of more complex structures. Changing the order of layers in the filter without changing its characteristics may affect the reduction of production costs and easier design of structures with given properties. The article shows repeating phononic transmission structure for different types of layers alignment.

Recent Advances in Pyroelectric Ceramics and Thin Films for Applications in Uncooled Infra-Red Sensor Arrays

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 2503-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Whatmore
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Healthcare Applications ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Materials Used

Pyroelectric infra-red detector arrays provide an attractive solution to the problem of collecting spatial information on the IR distribution in a scene. They have the property that they are only sensitive to changes in the IR flux. This means that they are particularly-well suited to the monitoring of movements of people in applications such as retail outlets and in safety and healthcare applications. The applications of low cost arrays with limited (few hundred elements) for people sensing and imaging radiometry will be illustrated. The performances and costs of uncooled pyroelectric arrays are ultimately driven by the materials used. For this reason, continuous improvements in materials technology are important. In the area of bulk ceramics, it is possible to obtain significant improvements in both production costs and performance though the use of tape-cast, functionally-gradient materials. The use of directly-deposited ferroelectric thin films on silicon ASIC’s is offering considerable potential for low cost high performance pyroelectric arrays. The challenges involved in developing such materials will be discussed.

scholarly journals Industry 4.0: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labor Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
S. Bespalyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The Impact

Main problem: In the 18th century, when industrial production began, the use of steam and mechanized production caused major changes in the economy. As a result, production costs decreased along with an increase in the quantity and quality of products. During this period, production underwent a revolutionary transition from manual labor to mechanization. The potential impact of Industry 4.0 on labor markets remains an under-explored scientific field. It is estimated that Industry 4.0 will lead to unemployment by changing the employment structure and will bring new structural problems in terms of unemployment and labor relations. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the impact of Industry 4.0 on the labor market and identify the consequences of the impact. Methods: studied, the evolution of production development, when mass production with electricity led to the Age of Industry 2.0, and then the emergence of the digital revolution, the use of electronics and information technology in production processes, marked the beginning of the Age of Industry 3.0. It is expected, according to international experts, scientists, that automation and robotic production will have a serious impact on the unskilled workforce and cause a critical reduction in the labor force of vulnerable sectors of society, that is, women, migrants, youth and the elderly. Results and their significance: This study assessed the possible impact of the fourth industrial revolution on labor markets. Through a literature review and analysis of emerging trends in Industry 4.0, the risks, opportunities and challenges of the process are explored in a comparative perspective. It has been established that countries must correctly perceive the transformation of labor markets and take appropriate measures. Otherwise, the applied labor-based low-cost industrialization model will lose its comparative advantage.

Design of New Reconfigurable and Miniature Microstrip Planar Antennas

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-257
Author(s):  
Ridouane Er-Rebyiy ◽  
Jamal Zbitou ◽  
Abdelali Tajmouati ◽  
Mohamed Latrach
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Planar Antennas ◽  
Printed Antennas ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
State Of Art

Recently, wireless communication systems have developed rapidly and have become more mobile and small. This necessarily requires the adequacy of its design. The materials used should be as much as possible small and at a lower cost. So low cost with reduced volume and low weight are some of the major challenges that must be faced by the designer of modern telecommunications equipment. The microstrip planar antenna is an attraction and the most crucial component used in mobile systems, and its miniaturization is one of the research challenges. This chapter focuses on the concept of miniature reconfigurable antennas by presenting and discussing the state of art with contributions in designing reconfigurable miniature printed antennas.

scholarly journals Towards bionic noses

Sensor Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Chandra Persaud
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Recognition Elements ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review recent progress in electronic nose technologies, focusing on hybrid systems combining biological elements with physical transducers. Design/methodology/approach Electronic nose technologies are moving rapidly towards hybrid bioelectronic systems, where biological odour-recognition elements from the olfactory pathways of vertebrates and insects are being utilised to construct new “bionic noses” that can be used in industrial applications. Findings With the increased understanding of how chemical senses and the brain function in biology, an emerging field of “neuromorphic olfaction” has arisen. Research limitations/implications Important components are olfactory receptor proteins and soluble proteins found at the periphery of olfaction called odorant-binding proteins. The idea is that these proteins can be incorporated into transducers and function as biorecognition elements for volatile compounds of interest. Practical implications Major drivers are the security, environmental and medical applications, and the internet of things will be a major factor in implementing low-cost chemical sensing in networked applications for the future. Social implications Widespread take up of new technologies that are cheap will minimise the impact of environmental pollution, increase food safety and may potentially help in non-invasive screening for medical ailments. Originality/value This review brings together diverse threads of research leading to a common theme that will inform a non-expert of recent developments in the field.

scholarly journals Level Detection Equipment for Measuring the Influence of Different Leveling Accuracies on Linear Error

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Shao-Hsien Chen ◽  
Chi-Li Ji
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Fuzzy Regression ◽  
Rectilinear Motion ◽  
Kinematic Error ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Allowable Error ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

This study developed a level detection equipment which is used in computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool to determine the impact of leveling accuracy on rectilinear motion accuracy. When the CNC precision machine tool has accuracy deterioration under external load or internal stress, mainly caused error is leveling error, this research and development equipment can immediate to analyze and measurement. The allowable error of leveling accuracy can be obtained after experimental validation. The kinematic error relatively increases with leveling error. When the leveling accuracy is within the allowable error, the kinematic error relatively decreases. The main kinematic error items measured in this study include EXX, EBY, EAX, and EYY. The level detection equipment is developed in this study, and the fuzzy regression analysis is used for modeling. The model that has high accuracy in the test of the X -axis is R 2 = 0.9764 and P = 0.0506 , and Y -axis is R 2 = 0.9756 and P = 0.0524 . In terms of filtering, Kalman filtering is used for signal processing, the measured values and X -axis and Y -axis after filtering are improved by 94.1% and 86.2%, respectively, the repeatability of this system is about A grade capability of precision (Cp), resolution is ±0.0001°, and the stability is at least B grade capability of accuracy (Ca). This equipment has the advantages of low cost, high precision, and 2-axis measurement. This machine tool which has the straightness increases with X and Y axes’ leveling accuracy errors, when the X / Y leveling accuracy is within ±0.01 mm/m, and there is the best straightness and conforms to the ISO230 standard (Lee et al., 2020).

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLARPHOTOVOLTAIC CELL TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmati Mahaveer Patil ◽  
Abhishek Vrushabh Chougule ◽  
Nikita Shital Mane ◽  
Komal Sanjay Chakote ◽  
Shubham Satish Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Recent Developments

- This review paper mainly examines the need and scope of the solar photovoltaic cell technology. Every passing year, the global electricity and power consumption ratio is going sky-high. And many technologies have been emerging so as to meet and fulfill this ever growing demand and supply numbers. Solar photovoltaic cell technology is such a renewable kind of technology which has high ability as well as potential to strengthen the luminous electricity system with more reliability and assurance. This paper mainly studies inclusive review of solar photovoltaic technology.

scholarly journals Influence of Number of Collisions Towards Asphalt Emulsion Mixture Stability Using Marshall Method (SNI 06-2489-1991)

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Irianto ◽  
M. Tumpu ◽  
D.S. Mabui ◽  
Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Asphalt Emulsion ◽  
Asphalt Content ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The development of road construction in Indonesia recently increased. This resulted in demand of asphalt, which is one of the materials used in the pavement mix has also increased. Aspalt emulsion in Indonesia have been applied, but only to the adhesive layer and the absorption layer. The Public Works Department of the Directorate General Bina Marga has issued several guidelines to guide the implementation of cold mix asphalt work. The use of emulsion asphalt mixture technology which has a low temperature will reduce emissions, reduce the amount of energy consumption, and avoid oxidation. This study aims to analyze the value of the optimum asphalt content (KAO) mixture of emulsion asphalt CSS-1h and to analyze the effect of the number of collisions on the stability of the emulsion asphalt mixture. The results show that based on the relationship between the emulsion asphalt content and all Marshall and volumetric parameters, the optimum residual asphalt content is obtained. The emulsion is 5.5%. The impact of the collision on the stability value increases with the number of collisions. This test results in stability values of 1223.5 kg, 1373 kg and 1401.1 kg for normal specimens while for immersed test objects the remaining stability values are 51.7 kg, 59 kg, 68.2 kg. Based on the values obtained, this test is declared to meet the specifications for the cold mix emulsion asphalt.

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