scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition during Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Santos ◽  
Cristiana Moreira ◽  
Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira ◽  
Bruno Bernardes de Jesus
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Possible Cause

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process by which differentiated epithelial cells undergo a phenotypic conversion to a mesenchymal nature. The EMT has been increasingly recognized as an essential process for tissue fibrogenesis during disease and normal aging. Higher levels of EMT proteins in aged tissues support the involvement of EMT as a possible cause and/or consequence of the aging process. Here, we will highlight the existing understanding of EMT supporting the phenotypical alterations that occur during normal aging or pathogenesis, covering the impact of EMT deregulation in tissue homeostasis and stem cell function.

scholarly journals The paracrine induction of prostate cancer progression by caveolin-1

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Jung Lin ◽  
Eun-Jin Yun ◽  
U-Ging Lo ◽  
Yu-Ling Tai ◽  
Su Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) plays a critical role of cancer progression, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. Many studies have indicated that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with stem cell phenotypes, which could further promote neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. Although only a small subset of genetically pre-programmed cells in each organ has stem cell capability, CSCs appear to be inducible among a heterogeneous cancer cell population. However, the inductive mechanism(s) leading to the emergence of these CSCs are not fully understood in CRPC. Tumor cells actively produce, release, and utilize exosomes to promote cancer development and metastasis, cancer immune evasion as well as chemotherapeutic resistance; the impact of tumor-derived exosomes (TDE) and its cargo on prostate cancer (PCa) development is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the presence of Cav-1 in TDE acts as a potent driver to induce CSC phenotypes and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in PCa undergoing neuroendocrine differentiation through NFκB signaling pathway. Furthermore, Cav-1 in mCRPC-derived exosomes is capable of inducing radio- and chemo-resistance in recipient cells. Collectively, these data support Cav-1 as a critical driver for mCRPC progression.

scholarly journals Autophagy in the Regulation of Tissue Differentiation and Homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Perrotta ◽  
Maria Grazia Cattaneo ◽  
Raffaella Molteni ◽  
Clara De Palma
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Lysosomal Degradation ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Stem Cell Fate ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Suitable Framework ◽  
The Impact

Autophagy is a constitutive pathway that allows the lysosomal degradation of damaged components. This conserved process is essential for metabolic plasticity and tissue homeostasis and is crucial for mammalian post-mitotic cells. Autophagy also controls stem cell fate and defective autophagy is involved in many pathophysiological processes. In this review, we focus on established and recent breakthroughs aimed at elucidating the impact of autophagy in differentiation and homeostasis maintenance of endothelium, muscle, immune system, and brain providing a suitable framework of the emerging results and highlighting the pivotal role of autophagic response in tissue functions, stem cell dynamics and differentiation rates.

scholarly journals Estrogen Receptors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zazzo ◽  
Galasso ◽  
Giovannelli ◽  
Di Donato ◽  
Bilancio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Prostate Cancer Progression ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cancer Suppression ◽  
The Impact

Prostate cancer (PC) remains a widespread malignancy in men. Since the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is associated with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, suppression of AR-dependent signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still represents the primary intervention for this disease. Despite the initial response, prostate cancer frequently develops resistance to ADT and progresses. As such, the disease becomes metastatic and few therapeutic options are available at this stage. Although the majority of studies are focused on the role of AR signaling, compelling evidence has shown that estrogens and their receptors control prostate cancer initiation and progression through a still debated mechanism. Epithelial versus mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in metastatic spread as well as drug-resistance of human cancers, and many studies on the role of this process in prostate cancer progression have been reported. We discuss here the findings on the role of estrogen/estrogen receptor (ER) axis in epithelial versus mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells. The pending questions concerning this issue are presented, together with the impact of the available data in clinical management of prostate cancer patients.

Magnesium Chloride is an Effective Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Maria Santos ◽  
Fazle Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Migration Speed ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

Background: Reduced levels of magnesium can cause several diseases and increase cancer risk. Motivated by magnesium chloride’s (MgCl2) non-toxicity, physiological importance, and beneficial clinical applications, we studied its action mechanism and possible mechanical, molecular, and physiological effects in prostate cancer with different metastatic potentials.Methods: We examined the effects of MgCl2, after 24 and 48 hours, on apoptosis, cell migration, expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and V-H+-ATPase, myosin II (NMII) and the transcription factor NF Kappa B (NFkB) expressions.Results: MgCl2 induces apoptosis, and significantly decreases migration speed in cancer cells with different metastatic potentials.  MgCl2 reduces the expression of V-H+-ATPase and myosin II that facilitates invasion and metastasis, suppresses the expression of vimentin and increases expression of E-cadherin, suggesting a role of MgCl2 in reversing the EMT. MgCl2 also significantly increases the chromatin condensation and decreases NFkB expression.Conclusions: These results suggest a promising preventive and therapeutic role of MgCl2 for prostate cancer. Further studies should explore extending MgCl2 therapy to in vivo studies and other cancer types.Keywords: Magnesium chloride, prostate cancer, migration speed, V-H+-ATPase, and EMT.

Effect of Annexins Translocated in Extracellular Vesicles on Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qionghui Wu ◽  
Haidong Wei ◽  
Wenbo Meng ◽  
Xiaodong Xie ◽  
Zhenchang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tumor Cell Adhesion ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Tumor Neovascularization

: Annexin, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, can affect tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, as well as tumor neovascularization in different ways. Recent studies have shown that annexin exists not only as an intracellular protein in tumor cells, but also in different ways to be secret outside the cell as a “crosstalk” tool for tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, thus playing an important role in the development of tumors, such as participating in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulating immune cell behavior, promoting neovascularization and so on. The mechanism of annexin secretion in the form of extracellular vesicles and its specific role is still unclear. This paper summarizes the main role of annexin secreted into the extracellular space in the form of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance and analyzes its possible mechanism.

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