scholarly journals Aquaporins in Renal Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinzhao He ◽  
Baoxue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Concentration Function ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Transmembrane Channels ◽  
Normal Urine ◽  
And Function ◽  
Urine Concentrating Ability

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of highly selective transmembrane channels that mainly transport water across the cell and some facilitate low-molecular-weight solutes. Eight AQPs, including AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7, and AQP11, are expressed in different segments and various cells in the kidney to maintain normal urine concentration function. AQP2 is critical in regulating urine concentrating ability. The expression and function of AQP2 are regulated by a series of transcriptional factors and post-transcriptional phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation. Mutation or functional deficiency of AQP2 leads to severe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Studies with animal models show AQPs are related to acute kidney injury and various chronic kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Experimental data suggest ideal prospects for AQPs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinic. This review article mainly focuses on recent advances in studying AQPs in renal diseases.

scholarly journals Macrophage Phenotype in Kidney Injury and Repair

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ming Meng ◽  
Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Hui Yao Lan
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
M1 Macrophages ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Chronic Kidney Injury ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
And Function

Background: Glomerular and interstitial macrophage infiltration is a feature for both the acute and chronic kidney diseases. Macrophages have been shown to play a diverse role in kidney injury and repair. Thus, macrophages may be a key cell type in acute and chronic kidney injury and repair. Summary and Key Messages: During renal inflammation, circulating monocytes are recruited and then become activated and polarized. By adapting to the local microenvironment, macrophages can differentiate into different phenotypes and function as a double-bladed sword in different stages of kidney disease. In general, M1 macrophages play a pathogenic role in boosting inflammatory renal injury, whereas M2 macrophages exert an anti-inflammatory and wound healing (or profibrotic) role during renal repair. In this review, we highlight the phenotypic polarization of macrophages in renal diseases and dissect their distinct functions in renal injury and repair processes, respectively. Moreover, the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms on the phenotypic switch and macrophage-related therapy are also intensively discussed.

scholarly journals Androgens, the kidney, and COVID-19: an opportunity for translational research

2021 ◽  
Vol 320 (2) ◽  
pp. F243-F248
Author(s):  
Licy L. Yanes Cardozo ◽  
Samar Rezq ◽  
Jacob E. Pruett ◽  
Damian G. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Sex Disparities ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Male Sex

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic proportions, affecting millions of people worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19. Epidemiological reports have shown that the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with preexisting comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases, all of which are also risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI). The kidney has emerged as a key organ affected by SARS-CoV-2. AKI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Male sex is an independent predictor for AKI, and an increased death rate has been reported in male patients with COVID-19 worldwide. The mechanism(s) that mediate the sex discrepancy in mortality due to COVID-19 remain(s) unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Alterations in the ACE-to-ACE2 ratio have been implicated in renal diseases. This perspective aims to discuss data that suggest that androgens, via alterations in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, impair renal hemodynamics, predisposing patients to AKI during COVID-19 infection, which could explain the higher mortality observed in men with COVID-19. Clinicians should ensure early and effective cardiometabolic control for all patients to ameliorate the compensatory elevation of ACE2 and alterations in the ACE-to-ACE2 ratio. A better understanding of the role of androgens in SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI and mortality is imperative. The kidney could constitute a key organ that may explain the sex disparities of the higher mortality and worst outcomes associated with COVID-19 in men.

scholarly journals Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Products in Europe—A Review of an Underestimated Problem of Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4132
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kiliś-Pstrusińska ◽  
Anna Wiela-Hojeńska
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines

Currently in Europe, despite the many advances in production technology of synthetic drugs, the interest in natural herbal medicines continues to increase. One of the reasons for their popular use is the assumption that natural equals safe. However, herbal medicines contain pharmacologically active ingredients, some of which have been associated with adverse effects. Kidneys are particularly susceptible to injury induced by toxins, including poisonous constituents from medicinal plants. The most recognized herb-induced kidney injury is aristolochic acid nephropathy connected with misuse of certain Traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Data concerning nephrotoxicity of plant species of European origin are scarce. Here, we critically review significant data of the nephrotoxicity of several plants used in European phytotherapy, including Artemisia herba-alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Euphorbia paralias, and Aloe). Causative mechanisms and factors predisposing to intoxications from the use of herbs are discussed. The basic intention of this review is to improve pharmacovigilance of herbal medicine, especially in patients with chronic kidney diseases.

The Role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Axis in Renal Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Hamdan ◽  
Lisa A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
The Family ◽  
Soluble Species ◽  
And Function

Excessive infiltration of immune cells into the kidney is a key feature of acute and chronic kidney diseases. The family of chemokines are key drivers of this process. CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is one of two unique chemokines synthesized as a transmembrane protein which undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate a soluble species. Through interacting with its cognate receptor, CX3CR1, CX3CL1 was originally shown to act as a conventional chemoattractant in the soluble form, and as an adhesion molecule in the transmembrane form. Since then, other functions of CX3CL1 beyond leukocyte recruitment have been described, including cell survival, immunosurveillance, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This review summarizes diverse roles of CX3CL1 in kidney disease and potential uses as a therapeutic target and novel biomarker. As the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis has been shown to contribute to both detrimental and protective effects in various kidney diseases, a thorough understanding of how the expression and function of CX3CL1 are regulated is needed to unlock its therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Circular RNAs as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwen Yu ◽  
Danli Xie ◽  
Naya Huang ◽  
Qin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Glomerular Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNAs that have aroused growing attention in this decade. They are widely expressed in eukaryotes and generally have high stability owing to their special closed-loop structure. Many circRNAs are abundant, evolutionarily conserved, and exhibit cell-type-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns. Mounting evidence suggests that circRNAs have regulatory potency for gene expression by acting as microRNA sponges, interacting with proteins, regulating transcription, or directly undergoing translation. Dysregulated expression of circRNAs were found in many pathological conditions and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of various disorders, including renal diseases. Recent studies have revealed that circRNAs may serve as novel reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of multiple kidney diseases, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and other glomerular diseases. Furthermore, circRNAs expressed by intrinsic kidney cells are shown to play a substantial role in kidney injury, mostly reported in DKD and RCC. Herein, we review the biogenesis and biological functions of circRNAs, and summarize their roles as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in common kidney diseases.

scholarly journals Characterization of IL-19, -20, and -24 in acute and chronic kidney diseases reveals a pro-fibrotic role of IL-24

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domonkos Pap ◽  
Apor Veres-Székely ◽  
Beáta Szebeni ◽  
Réka Rokonay ◽  
Anna Ónody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Tgf Β1

Abstract Background Recently, the role of IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 has been reported in renal disorders. However, still little is known about their biological role. Methods Localization of IL-20RB was determined in human biopsies and in the kidneys of mice that underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Renal Il19, Il20 and Il24 expression was determined in ischemia/reperfusion, lipopolysaccharide, streptozotocin, or UUO induced animal models of kidney diseases. The effects of H2O2, LPS, TGF-β1, PDGF-B and IL-1β on IL19, IL20 and IL24 expression was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The extents of extracellular matrix (ECM) and α-SMA, Tgfb1, Pdgfb, and Ctgf expression were determined in the kidneys of Il20rb knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice following UUO. The effect of IL-24 was also examined on HK-2 tubular epithelial cells and NRK49F renal fibroblasts. Results IL-20RB was present in the renal biopsies of patients with lupus nephritis, IgA and diabetic nephropathy. Amount of IL-20RB increased in the kidneys of mice underwent UUO. The expression of Il19, Il20 and Il24 increased in the animal models of various kidney diseases. IL-1β, H2O2 and LPS induced the IL19, IL20 and IL24 expression of PBMCs. The extent of ECM, α-SMA, fibronectin, Tgfb1, Pdgfb, and Ctgf expression was lower in the kidney of Il20rb KO compared to WT mice following UUO. IL-24 treatment induced the apoptosis and TGF-β1, PDGF-B, CTGF expression of HK-2 cells. Conclusions Our data confirmed the significance of IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 in the pathomechanism of renal diseases. Furthermore, we were the first to demonstrate the pro-fibrotic effect of IL-24.

scholarly journals Chronic Kidney Diseases and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangzhong Zhou ◽  
Qidong Ren ◽  
Gang Chen ◽  
Qiao Jin ◽  
Quexuan Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases

scholarly journals APOL1-G0protects podocytes in a mouse model of HIV-associated nephropathy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Bruggeman ◽  
Zhenzhen Wu ◽  
Liping Luo ◽  
Sethu Madhavan ◽  
Paul E. Drawz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Podocyte Loss ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTBackgroundAfrican polymorphisms in the gene for Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) confer a survival advantage against lethal trypanosomiasis but also an increased risk for several chronic kidney diseases (CKD) including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). APOL1 is expressed in renal cells, however, the pathogenic events that lead to renal cell damage and kidney disease are not fully understood.MethodsThe podocyte function ofAPOL1-G0versusAPOL1-G2in the setting of a known disease stressor was assessed using transgenic mouse models. Survival, renal pathology and function, and podocyte density were assessed in an intercross of a mouse model of HIVAN (Tg26) with two mouse models that express eitherAPOL1-G0orAPOL1-G2in podocytes.ResultsMice that expressed HIV genes developed heavy proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, and had significant losses in podocyte numbers and reductions in podocyte densities. Mice that co-expressedAPOL1-G0and HIV had preserved podocyte numbers and densities, with fewer morphologic manifestations typical of HIVAN pathology. Podocyte losses and pathology in mice co-expressingAPOL1-G2and HIV were not significantly different from mice expressing only HIV. Podocyte hypertrophy, a known compensatory event to stress, was increased in the mice co-expressing HIV andAPOL1-G0, but absent in the mice co-expressing HIV andAPOL1-G2. Mortality and renal function tests were not significantly different between groups.ConclusionsAPOL1-G0expressed in podocytes may have a protective function against podocyte loss or injury when exposed to an environmental stressor. This function appears to be absent withAPOL1-G2expression, suggestingAPOL1-G2is a loss-of-function variant.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomics analysis reveals specific urinary biomarkers for various kidney diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Jin ◽  
Jianguang Gong ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Yiwen Li ◽  
Qiang He
Keyword(s):  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Urinary Proteins ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Kegg Pathway Analysis ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Abundant Proteins

Abstract Background Urinary proteomics has been extensively applied to investigate renal diseases including acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and diabetic CKD. However, differential urinary proteome studies have not been reported for multiple diseases. The present study was aimed to explore early clinical diagnosis biomarkers for patients with AKI, AKI+CKD, diabetic CKD, non-diabetic CKD with IgAN and non-diabetic CKD without IgAN. Methods Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened by iTRAQ labeling and 2-D LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatics analysis was performed by subsequent GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. DEPs were authenticated by ELISA assay. Results 156, 156, 286, 187 and 184 differentially abundant proteins were identified in patients with AKI, AKI+CKD, diabetic CKD, and non-diabetic CKD with or without IgAN. Comparative analysis indicated that 34, 35 and 17 unique DEPs were found in AKI, AKI+CKD and CKD samples, respectively. 91 and 14 specific DEPs were screened out in diabetic CKD and non-diabetic CKD. In comparison with Non-diabetic CKD with IgAN (38 DEPs), 47 unique urinary proteins were found in Non-diabetic CKD without IgAN. Among these DEPs, urinary SAA1 and HGFAC were only unregulated in AKI and Non-diabetic CKD without IgAN implying that they might be employed as the potential indicators of the two diseases. C5, APOC1 and Reg3A upregulation was not exclusively expressed in each disease which suggested that they could not be used for biomarker to distinguish one disease from the other. Conclusion Collectively, this research contributes to the urinary biomarker discovery from multiple renal diseases.

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