scholarly journals Divergence in Glucosinolate Profiles between High- and Low-Elevation Populations of Arabidopsis halleri Correspond to Variation in Field Herbivory and Herbivore Behavioral Preferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Buckley ◽  
Foteini G. Pashalidou ◽  
Martin C. Fischer ◽  
Alex Widmer ◽  
Mark C. Mescher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Arabidopsis Halleri ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
The Alps ◽  
And Performance

Variation in local herbivore pressure along elevation gradients is predicted to drive variation in plant defense traits. Yet, the extent of intraspecific variation in defense investment along elevation gradients, and its effects on both herbivore preference and performance, remain relatively unexplored. Using populations of Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) occurring at different elevations in the Alps, we tested for associations between elevation, herbivore damage in the field, and constitutive chemical defense traits (glucosinolates) assayed under common-garden conditions. Additionally, we examined the feeding preferences and performance of a specialist herbivore, the butterfly Pieris brassicae, on plants from different elevations in the Alps. Although we found no effect of elevation on the overall levels of constitutive glucosinolates in leaves, relative amounts of indole glucosinolates increased significantly with elevation and were negatively correlated with herbivore damage in the field. In oviposition preference assays, P. brassicae females laid fewer eggs on plants from high-elevation populations, although larval performance was similar on populations from different elevations. Taken together, these results support the prediction that species distributed along elevation gradients exhibit genetic variation in chemical defenses, which can have consequences for interactions with herbivores in the field.

Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Spotted-Wing Drosophila: Effects of Fruit Identity and Composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Olazcuaga ◽  
Nicolas O Rode ◽  
Julien Foucaud ◽  
Benoit Facon ◽  
Virginie Ravigné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Performance

Abstract A better understanding of the factors affecting host plant use by spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) could aid in the development of efficient management tools and practices to control this pest. Here, proxies of both preference (maternal oviposition behavior) and performance (adult emergence) were evaluated for 12 different fruits in the form of purees. The effect of the chemical composition of the fruits on preference and performance traits was then estimated. We synthesized the literature to interpret our findings in the light of previous studies that measured oviposition preference and larval performance of D. suzukii. We show that fruit identity influences different parts of the life cycle, including oviposition preference under both choice and no-choice conditions, emergence rate, development time, and number of emerging adults. Blackcurrant was always among the most preferred fruit we used, while grape and tomato were the least preferred fruits. Larvae performed better in cranberry, raspberry, strawberry, and cherry than in the other fruits tested. We found that fruit chemical compounds can explain part of the effect of fruit on D. suzukii traits. In particular, oviposition preference under choice conditions was strongly influenced by fruit phosphorus content. In general, the consensus across studies is that raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry are among the best hosts while blackcurrant, grape and rose hips are poor hosts. Our results generally confirm this view but also suggest that oviposition preferences do not necessarily match larval performances. We discuss opportunities to use our results to develop new approaches for pest management.

Effects of water deficiency on preference and performance of an insect herbivore Ostrinia furnacalis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M.Y. Duan ◽  
H. Zhu ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
S.Y. Guo ◽  
H. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Ostrinia Furnacalis ◽  
Oviposition Choice ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Offspring Fitness ◽  
And Performance

Abstract With further climate change still expected, it is predicted to increase the frequency with plants will be water stressed, which subsequently influences phytophagous insects, particularly Lepidoptera with limited mobility of larvae. Previous studies have indicated that oviposition preference and offspring performance of Lepidoptera insects are sensitive to drought separately. However, the integration of their two properties is not always seen. Here, we evaluated changes in oviposition selection and offspring fitness of a Lepidoptera insect under three water-stressed treatments using a model agroecosystem consisting of maize Zea mays, and Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Results found that female O. furnacalis preferred to laying their eggs on well-watered maize, and then their offspring tended to survive better, attained bigger larvae mass, and developed more pupae and adults on the preferred maize. Oviposition selection of O. furnacalis positively correlated with height and leaf traits of maize, and offspring fitness positively related with water content and phytochemical traits of hosts. Overall, these results suggest that oviposition choice performed by O. furnacalis reflects the maximization of offspring fitness, supporting preference–performance hypothesis. This finding further highlights that the importance of simultaneous evaluation of performance and performance for water driving forces should be involved, in order to accurately predict population size of O. furnacalis under altered precipitation pattern.

scholarly journals Does Hyperoxia Restrict Pyrenean Rock Lizards Iberolacerta bonnali to High Elevations?

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Eric J. Gangloff ◽  
Sierra Spears ◽  
Laura Kouyoumdjian ◽  
Ciara Pettit ◽  
Fabien Aubret
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Thermal Physiology ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Thermal Performance Curve ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Thermal Preferences ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Intense Radiation

Ectothermic animals living at high elevation often face interacting challenges, including temperature extremes, intense radiation, and hypoxia. While high-elevation specialists have developed strategies to withstand these constraints, the factors preventing downslope migration are not always well understood. As mean temperatures continue to rise and climate patterns become more extreme, such translocation may be a viable conservation strategy for some populations or species, yet the effects of novel conditions, such as relative hyperoxia, have not been well characterised. Our study examines the effect of downslope translocation on ectothermic thermal physiology and performance in Pyrenean rock lizards (Iberolacerta bonnali) from high elevation (2254 m above sea level). Specifically, we tested whether models of organismal performance developed from low-elevation species facing oxygen restriction (e.g., hierarchical mechanisms of thermal limitation hypothesis) can be applied to the opposite scenario, when high-elevation organisms face hyperoxia. Lizards were split into two treatment groups: one group was maintained at a high elevation (2877 m ASL) and the other group was transplanted to low elevation (432 m ASL). In support of hyperoxia representing a constraint, we found that lizards transplanted to the novel oxygen environment of low elevation exhibited decreased thermal preferences and that the thermal performance curve for sprint speed shifted, resulting in lower performance at high body temperatures. While the effects of hypoxia on thermal physiology are well-explored, few studies have examined the effects of hyperoxia in an ecological context. Our study suggests that high-elevation specialists may be hindered in such novel oxygen environments and thus constrained in their capacity for downslope migration.

Leaf traits influencing oviposition preference and larval performance ofCameraria ohridellaon native and novel host plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla D'Costa ◽  
Monique S.J. Simmonds ◽  
Nigel Straw ◽  
Bastien Castagneyrol ◽  
Julia Koricheva
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Novel Host

scholarly journals Holocene climate change, permafrost, and cryogenic carbonate formation: insights from a recently deglaciated, high-elevation cave in the Austrian Alps

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1493-1526
Author(s):  
C. Spötl ◽  
H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Structure ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
New Class ◽  
Austrian Alps ◽  
Carbonate Formation ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Permafrost Thawing

Abstract. Cryogenically formed carbonate particles represent a rather new class of speleothems whose origin is directly linked to the presence of perennial ice in the subsurface. Recent studies concluded that dating these deposits provides important time constraints on the presence and the thickness of permafrost e.g. during the last glacial period. More precisely, these carbonates require the coexistence of water and ice and hence record episodes of permafrost thawing. To shed more light on the origin of the coarsely crystalline variety of these cryogenic cave carbonates – CCCcoarse for short – we examined a high-elevation cave site in the western part of the Austrian Alps which is located in an area dominated by permafrost features and transformed from an ice cave into an essentially ice-free cave during the past decade. Two side chambers of the main gallery revealed cryogenic calcite deposits whose isotopic composition indicates that they formed in individual pools of water carved in ice which underwent very slow freezing under closed-system conditions, i.e. enclosed in ice. 230Th dating shows that most of these carbonates formed ca. 2600 yr BP. Based on comparisons with other palaeoclimate archives in the Alps this thawing episode did not occur during a climate optimum, nor did CCCcoarse form in this cave during e.g. the Roman or the Medieval Warm Periods. Our results suggest that the occurrence of CCCcoarse, at least in mountain regions characterized by discontinuous permafrost, may be more stochastic than previously thought. Given the inherent heterogeneity of karst aquifers and the important role of localized water infiltration in modifying the thermal structure of the subsurface we caution against attributing CCCcoarse occurrences solely to peak warming conditions, while confirming the unique significance of these deposits in providing robust age constraints on permafrost thawing episodes.

scholarly journals Potato Tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) Leaf Infestation Effects Performance of Conspecific Larvae on Harvested Tubers by Inducing Chemical Defenses

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Dingli Wang ◽  
Qiyun Wang ◽  
Xiao Sun ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Potato Tuberworm

Conspecific aboveground and belowground herbivores can interact with each other, mediated by plant secondary chemicals; however, little attention has been paid to the interaction between leaf feeders and tuber-feeders. Here, we evaluated the effect of the foliar feeding of P. operculella larvae on the development of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by determining the nutrition and defense metabolites in the whole plant (leaf, root and tuber). We found that leaf feeding negatively affected tuber larval performance by increasing the female larval developmental time and reducing the male pupal weight. In addition, aboveground herbivory increased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in tubers and α-solanine in leaves, but decreased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in leaves. Aboveground herbivory also altered the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), as well as the C:N ratio in both leaves and tubers. Aboveground P. operculella infestations could affect the performance of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by inducing glycoalkaloids in the host plant. Our findings indicate that field leaf herbivory should be considered when assessing the quality of potato tubers and their responses to pests during storage.

scholarly journals Environmental factors as drivers for macroinvertebrate and diatom diversity in Alpine lakes: New insights from the Stelvio National Park (Italy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Boggero ◽  
Silvia Zaupa ◽  
Simona Musazzi ◽  
Michela Rogora ◽  
Elzbieta Dumnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
National Park ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Alpine Lakes ◽  
High Altitude Lakes ◽  
The Alps

Information on the biodiversity of high altitude lakes in the Stelvio National Park was scarce and fragmentary, in most cases limited to a few studies on a single biological issue. To fill this gap, a multidisciplinary research program was established in 2011 to investigate macroinvertebrates, diatoms, and water chemistry in 8 high altitude lakes within the boundaries of the Park (Rhaetian Alps, Eastern Alps). The results of this study were compared with data on biological assemblages and chemical parameters of Alpine lakes in the Pennine-Lepontine Alps (Western Alps), to evaluate the role of local drivers with respect to regional ones. This comparison was possible thanks to the adoption of standardized sampling methodologies developed since the ’90s by the National Research Council-Water Research Institute (Verbania), in collaboration with several European Research centers. Despite located in a restricted geographical area, the lakes of the Stelvio National Park showed a high variability of chemical composition, and of sensitivity to acidification, lower than that of the Pennine-Lepontine Alpine lakes. Macroinvertebrate and diatom taxa were ubiquitous and frequent along the Alps, and mainly represented by cold-stenothermal species. Richness, Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices applied to phyto- and zoobenthos highlighted significantly lower values in Stelvio National Park lakes than in those of Pennine-Lepontine for macroinvertebrates, while no significant differences were found for diatoms. Two groups of lakes were identified by Cluster Analysis, mainly on the basis of major ion concentrations. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the macroinvertebrate assemblage of the lakes studied is driven mainly by altitude and lake surface, and, to a lesser extent, by nutrient content. On the contrary, pH and acid-related variables played a secondary role for diatoms, while nutrients and, more in general, ionic content had significant effects on their species composition. Overall, the results of this first investigation showed that the high elevation of these lakes affects their macroinvertebrate assemblages, while their diatom communities are comparable throughout the Alps.

scholarly journals Climate change will increase the potential conflict between skiing and high-elevation bird species in the Alps

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2299-2309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Brambilla ◽  
Paolo Pedrini ◽  
Antonio Rolando ◽  
Dan E. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
The Alps
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