scholarly journals Aberrant Regulation of mRNA m6A Modification in Cancer Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyun Luo ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Siyu Luan ◽  
Chongsheng He ◽  
Zhaoyong Li
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Selective Recognition ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Mrna Metabolism ◽  
Functional Mechanism

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The m6A modification in RNA can be catalyzed by methyltransferases, or removed by demethylases, which are termed m6A writers and erasers, respectively. Selective recognition and binding by distinct m6A reader proteins lead mRNA to divergent destinies. m6A has been reported to influence almost every stage of mRNA metabolism and to regulate multiple biological processes. Accumulating evidence strongly supports the correlation between aberrant cellular m6A level and cancer. We summarize here that deregulation of m6A modification, resulting from aberrant expression or function of m6A writers, erasers, readers or some other protein factors, is associated with carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Understanding the regulation and functional mechanism of mRNA m6A modification in cancer development may help in developing novel and efficient strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of human cancers.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-381—A Key Transcriptional Regulator: Its Biological Function and Clinical Application Prospects in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zeng ◽  
Zhe Cao ◽  
Wenhao Luo ◽  
Lianfang Zheng ◽  
Taiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways ◽  
Application Prospects

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that function by regulating messenger RNAs. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs play important roles in multiple processes of cancer development. MiR-381 is one of the most important miRNAs in cancer progression. MiR-381 is downregulated in some cancers and upregulated in other cancers, including glioma, epithelial sarcoma, and osteosarcoma. MiR-381 regulates epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemotherapeutic resistance, radioresistance, and immune responses. Thus, miR-381 participates in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, miR-381 functions in various oncogenic pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, AKT, and p53 pathways. Clinical studies have shown that miR-381 could be considered a biomarker or a novel prognostic factor. Here, we summarize the present studies on the role of miR-381 in cancer development, including its biogenesis and various affected signaling pathways, and its clinical application prospects. MiR-381 expression is associated with tumor stage and survival time, making miR-381 a novel prognostic factor.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-129 in Human Cancers: from Tumorigenesis to Clinical Treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2186-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Gao ◽  
Bing Feng ◽  
Siqi Han ◽  
Lu Lu ◽  
Yitian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in regulating human cancers development and progression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. MiRNAs are a class of endogenous, non-coding, 18-24 nucleotide length single-strand RNAs that moderate gene expression primarily at post-transcriptional level. There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of microRNA (miR)-129 during the development of cancers. Aberrant expression of miR-129 has been detected in various types of human cancers and the validated target genes are involved in cancer-related biological processes such as DNA methylation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the roles of miR-129 family members and their target genes in tumorigenesis and clinical treatment of human cancers, highlighting the potential roles of miR-129 as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and promising tools for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Extracellular BMP Antagonists, Multifaceted Orchestrators in the Tumor and Its Microenvironment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3888
Author(s):  
Sarah Ouahoud ◽  
James C.H. Hardwick ◽  
Lukas J.A.C. Hawinkels
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Bmp Pathway ◽  
Bmp Antagonists

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are involved in multiple biological processes such as embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The importance of a functional BMP pathway is underlined by various diseases, including cancer, which can arise as a consequence of dysregulated BMP signaling. Mutations in crucial elements of this signaling pathway, such as receptors, have been reported to disrupt BMP signaling. Next to that, aberrant expression of BMP antagonists could also contribute to abrogated signaling. In this review we set out to highlight how BMP antagonists affect not only the cancer cells, but also the other cells present in the microenvironment to influence cancer progression.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyin Lan ◽  
Haiqi Lu ◽  
Xian Wang ◽  
Hongchuan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting their corresponding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Dysregulated miRNAs have been considered as a new type of ‘‘oncomiRs’’ or ‘‘tumor suppressors,” playing essential roles in cancer initiation and progression. Using genome-wide detection methods, ubiquitously aberrant expression profiles of miRNAs have been identified in a broad array of human cancers, showing great potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer with high specificity and sensitivity. The detectable miRNAs in tissue, blood, and other body fluids with high stability provide an abundant source for miRNA-based biomarkers in human cancers. Despite the fact that an increasing number of potential miRNA biomarkers have been reported, the transition of miRNAs-based biomarkers from bench to bedside still necessitates addressing several challenges. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of miRNAs as potential biomarkers in human cancers.

scholarly journals Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho ◽  
Kim ◽  
Baek ◽  
Kim ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Phenotype ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Human Cancers

Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we review how RhoGDIs control the function of Rho GTPases by regulating their spatiotemporal activity and describe the regulatory mechanisms of the dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs. We also discuss the role of RhoGDIs in cancer progression and their potential uses for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Decreased level of miR-1301 promotes colorectal cancer progression via activation of STAT3 pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfang Yang ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Bianbian Yan ◽  
Tong Li ◽  
Lulu Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Cell Migration And Invasion ◽  
Lovo Cells ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Progression

Abstract The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been widely investigated in recent years. Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation participates in the processes of driving CRC initiation and progression. Aberrant expression of miR-1301 has been found in various tumor types. However, its role in CRC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we identified miR-1301 was enriched in normal colorectal tissues and significantly down-regulated in CRC. Decreased level of miR-1301 strongly correlated with aggressive pathological characteristics, including advanced stage and metastasis. Bioinformatics and dual luciferase assay demonstrated that STAT3 is a direct target of miR-1301. Gain and loss-of-function assays showed that miR-1301 had no effect on cell proliferation. Overexpression of miR-1301 suppressed cell migration and invasion capacity of pSTA3-positive LoVo cells, but not pSTAT3-negative SW480 cells, while inhibition of miR-1301 consistently promoted cell migration and invasion in both cell lines. Additionally, miR-1301 inhibition restored the suppressed migration and invasion of STAT3- knockdown LoVo cells. MiR-1301 functioned as a tumor suppressor to modulate the IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway. In summary, this study highlights the significant role of miR- 1301/STAT3 axis in CRC metastasis.

scholarly journals miR-205 in Breast Cancer: State of the Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ilaria Plantamura ◽  
Alessandra Cataldo ◽  
Giulia Cosentino ◽  
Marilena V. Iorio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Breast Physiology ◽  
Cancer Types

Despite its controversial roles in different cancer types, miR-205 has been mainly described as an oncosuppressive microRNA (miRNA), with some contrasting results, in breast cancer. The role of miR-205 in the occurrence or progression of breast cancer has been extensively studied since the first evidence of its aberrant expression in tumor tissues versus normal counterparts. To date, it is known that the expression of miR-205 in the different subtypes of breast cancer is decreasing from the less aggressive subtype, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer, to the more aggressive, triple negative breast cancer, influencing metastasis capability, response to therapy and patient survival. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries that have highlighted the functional role of this miRNA in breast cancer initiation and progression, in stemness maintenance, in the tumor microenvironment, its potential role as a biomarker and its relevance in normal breast physiology—the still open questions. Finally, emerging evidence reveals the role of some lncRNAs in breast cancer progression as sponges of miR-205. Here, we also reviewed the studies in this field.

scholarly journals Dichotomous roles of TGF-β in human cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1441-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Huang ◽  
Gerard C. Blobe
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Angiogenic Therapy ◽  
Promising Strategy

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mediates numerous biological processes, including embryonic development and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in a context-dependent manner. Consistent with its central role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, inhibition of TGF-β signaling results in disruption of normal homeostatic processes and subsequent carcinogenesis, defining the TGF-β signaling pathway as a tumor suppressor. However, once carcinogenesis is initiated, the TGF-β signaling pathway promotes cancer progression. This dichotomous function of the TGF-β signaling pathway is mediated through altering effects on both the cancer cells, by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, and the tumor microenvironment, by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting immunosurveillance. Current studies support inhibition of TGF-β signaling either alone, or in conjunction with anti-angiogenic therapy or immunotherapy as a promising strategy for the treatment of human cancers.

DLX6-AS1: a putative lncRNA candidate in multiple human cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Sheykhhasan ◽  
Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi ◽  
Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi ◽  
Hamid Tanzadehpanah ◽  
Hamed Manoochehri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Research Studies

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in regulating the expression of genes and act as biomarkers in the initial development of different cancers. Increasing research studies have verified that dysregulation of lncRNAs occurs in various pathological processes including tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Among the different lncRNAs, DLX6-AS1 has been reported to act as an oncogene in the development and prognoses of different cancers, by affecting many different signalling pathways. This review summarises and analyses the recent research studies describing the biological functions of DLX6-AS1, its overall effect on signalling pathways and the molecular mechanisms underlying its action on the expression of genes in multiple human cancers. Our critical analysis suggests that different signalling pathways associated to this lncRNA may be used as a biomarker for diagnosis, or targets of treatment in cancers.

scholarly journals Activated Rho GTPases in Cancer—The Beginning of a New Paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontus Aspenström
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Small Gtpases ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Cell Locomotion ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Involvement of Rho GTPases in cancer has been a matter of debate since the identification of the first members of this branch of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. The Rho GTPases were ascribed important roles in the cell, although these were restricted to regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell morphogenesis, and cell locomotion, with initially no clear indications of direct involvement in cancer progression. This paradigm has been challenged by numerous observations that Rho-regulated pathways are often dysregulated in cancers. More recently, identification of point mutants in the Rho GTPases Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42 in human tumors has finally given rise to a new paradigm, and we can now state with confidence that Rho GTPases serve as oncogenes in several human cancers. This article provides an exposé of current knowledge of the roles of activated Rho GTPases in cancers.

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