scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Transcriptomes to Identify Genes Associated with Fruit Size in the Early Stage of Fruit Development in Pyrus pyrifolia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Jiang ◽  
Haishan An ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Xiaoqing Wang ◽  
Chunhui Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cytokinin Dehydrogenase

Pear (Pyrus L.) is an important commercial fruit in the world. The fruit size is one of the important characters in fruit quality. The previous research reported that the fruit size of pear was mainly caused by the number of cell in about 40 days after blossom (DAB) in nature. However, studies about the mechanisms underlying cell division in young fruit development are very limited in pear. Two pear accessions codenamed ‘GH59B’ with big fruit and ‘GH81S’ with small fruit in three stages were sampled and the RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate changes of gene transcription levels in the early stage of fruit development. The difference of cell size among two samples was little in 40 DAB, implying that the difference of the fruit size was caused by the number of the cell. More than 274,517,982 high quality reads from six libraries of fruit development were sequenced. A total of 797 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Three cytokinin dehydrogenase genes and two gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase gene were identified in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to zeatin and gibberellin. Their expression was upregulated at 20 DAB in ‘GH81S’ and at 30 DAB in ‘GH59B’, suggesting that the small fruit size might be related to the early degradation of cytokinin and gibberellin inducing a short period of cell division. A total of 38 DEGs of transcription factors were found and 23 DEGs including NAC, ERF and bHLH transcription factors were highly related with cytokinin dehydrogenase and gibberellin dioxygenase genes. Altogether, the results of the present study provide information from a comprehensive gene expression analysis and insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the difference of fruit size in Pyrus pyrifolia.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Auxin and Abscisic Acid Balance and FtARF2 in the Final Size Determination of Tartary Buckwheat Fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyang Liu ◽  
Zhaotang Ma ◽  
Tianrun Zheng ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Cell Division Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Cells

Tartary buckwheat is a type of cultivated medicinal and edible crop with good economic and nutritional value. Knowledge of the final fruit size of buckwheat is critical to its yield increase. In this study, the fruit development of two species of Tartary buckwheat in the Polygonaceae was analyzed. During fruit development, the size/weight, the contents of auxin (AUX)/abscisic acid (ABA), the number of cells, and the changes of embryo were measured and observed; and the two fruit materials were compared to determine the related mechanisms that affected fruit size and the potential factors that regulated the final fruit size. The early events during embryogenesis greatly influenced the final fruit size, and the difference in fruit growth was primarily due to the difference in the number of cells, implicating the effect of cell division rate. Based on our observations and recent reports, the balance of AUX and ABA might be the key factor that regulated the cell division rate. They induced the response of auxin response factor 2 (FtARF2) and downstream small auxin upstream RNA (FtSAURs) through hormone signaling pathway to regulate the fruit size of Tartary buckwheat. Further, through the induction of fruit expansion by exogenous auxin, FtARF2b was significantly downregulated. The FtARF2b is a potential target for molecular breeding or gene editing.

scholarly journals Biologically Active Gibberellins and Abscisic Acid in Fruit of Two Late-maturing Japanese Pear Cultivars with Contrasting Fruit Size

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixi Zhang ◽  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Hiroko Tani ◽  
Hiromitsu Nakajima ◽  
Minori Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
The Difference

Both ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ are late-season japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars with russet-brown fruit, and the progenies of crosses made between ‘Nijisseiki’ and unknown cultivars, but they display different growth habit, fruit size, and fruit quality. To clarify the difference in fruit development between the two cultivars, the levels of endogenous gibberellins (GA1, GA3, and GA4) and abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and a histological study of fruit was carried out. The results showed that cell number rather than cell size of mesocarp is responsible for the difference in fruit size between the two cultivars. Furthermore, analysis of endogenous bioactive gibberellins revealed that ‘Atago’ fruit has much higher levels of GA1, GA3, and GA4 than ‘Shinkou’ fruit during fruit development, particularly during the early period of fruit growth. However, ‘Shinkou’ has a much higher ABA level than ‘Atago’ during the early period of fruit development. Abscisic acid concentration remained at an extremely low level after the first production peak after anthesis in ‘Atago’ compared with ‘Shinkou’.

scholarly journals Effects of Endogenous Hormones and Sugars on Fruit Size Driven by Cell Division between Korla Fragrant Pear and Its Bud Mutation

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jia Tian ◽  
Yue Wen ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Jingyi Sai ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Bud Mutation ◽  
The Difference

Large-fruit bud mutations are important factors in fruit tree breeding. However, little is known about the differences between varieties and bud mutations. The ploidy identification of Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) and its large bud mutation Zaomeixiang pear showed that the large-fruit characteristic was not caused by chromosome doubling. By counting mesocarp cells at different stages, we found that the number of cells increased continuously after pollination, and the difference was the greatest at 28 days after full bloom (DAFB), and was about 9.4 × 106. After 28 days, the difference in cell volume became bigger and bigger, so both the cell volume and cell number caused the difference in fruit size between Korla fragrant pear and Zaomeixiang pear. To obtain more insights into the differences in fruit size driven by cell division, we analyzed the endogenous hormones [indole ascetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA)], and the main sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol). The ZR content of Zaomeixiang pear was always greater than that of Korla fragrant pear at all stages. The ABA content was the opposite except for at 7 DAFB during cell division; the greatest difference was 30.87 ng/g, which appeared at 28 DAFB. ABA and ZR correlated negatively with cell number. After 7 DAFB, the ratio of IAA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and GA/ABA in Zaomeixiang pear was always greater than that for Korla fragrant pear at 28 DAFB. The difference in glucose content at 21 DAFB was the greatest, at 4.80 ng/g. Large amounts of sorbitol accumulated during whole-cell division. Glucose and sorbitol correlated positively with cell numbers. In summary, the data suggest that the different contents of glucose, sorbitol, ZR, and ABA, and the ratio of endogenous hormones might be related to cell division in Korla fragrant pear and Zaomeixiang pear. The result provides a theoretical basis for the large-size fruit’s high-quality production and genetic breeding of Korla fragrant pear and its bud mutation.

The effect of Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni infection on sweet cherry fruit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Ann Wright ◽  
Madalyn K Shires ◽  
Christopher Beaver ◽  
Garrett Bishop ◽  
S. Tianna Dupont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Metabolite Content

In sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), infection by Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni results in small fruit with poor color and taste, rendering the fruit unmarketable. Yet, the disease pathology is poorly understood, particularly at the cultivar level. Therefore, in this study we examined the physiological effects of Ca. P. pruni infection across a range of cultivars and locations within eastern Washington. We found that infection could be separated into early and established stages based on pathogen titer, that correlated with disease severity, including fruit size, color, and sugar and metabolite content. Furthermore, we also observed that the effects of early-stage infections were largely indistinguishable from healthy, uninfected plants. Cultivar and location-specific disease outcomes were observed with regards to size, color, sugar content, and citric acid content. This study presents the first in-depth assessment of X-disease symptoms and biochemical content of fruit from commercially grown sweet cherry cultivars known to be infected with Ca. P. pruni.

scholarly journals Spur Characteristics, Fruit Growth, and Carbon Partitioning in Two Late-maturing Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) Cultivars with Contrasting Fruit Size

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixi Zhang ◽  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Fumio Tamura ◽  
Akihiro Itai ◽  
Shiping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Total Leaf Area

The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of spur characteristics and carbon partitioning in regulating cultivar differences in fruit size of two late-maturing japanese pear cultivars, `Atago' and `Shinkou'. The study of spur characteristics showed that the two cultivars displayed different patterns in leaf development, flower characteristics, fruit growth, and shoot type. In contrast to `Atago' with dramatically larger fruit, `Shinkou' is a heavily spurred cultivar with a higher total leaf area and leaf number per spur early in fruit growth, less vegetative shoots, and smaller fruit but larger core. No significant differences were obtained in specific leaf weight, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis of mature leaves, and seed number per fruit between the two cultivars. The results of trace experiment with 13C revealed that on a spur basis, there were no significant differences in the amount of 13C assimilate produced by spur leaves on each labeling date except at 190 days after anthesis, however, there were highly significant differences in the amount of 13C allocated to fruit between cultivars. Moreover, a higher amount of 13C assimilates was allocated to `Atago' flesh (or fruit) than that in `Shinkou'. Analysis of relative sink strength (RSS) indicates that the sink strength of fruit was dominant over those of other organs in the spur measured in both cultivars except at the early stage of fruit growth. `Atago' exhibited a greater RSS of fruit and lower losses of 13C for respiration and export than `Shinkou'. These results suggest that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit rather than the source strength in the two cultivars.

scholarly journals Fruit Set, Retention, and Developmental Rates Vary in Massachusetts Cranberry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 849E-849
Author(s):  
Carolyn J. De Moranville*
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Variable Yield ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar ◽  
Fruit Mass

Cranberry fruit development was studied in 3 years at the Univ. of Massachusetts Cranberry Station farm. Beginning at 4 weeks from 50% out of bloom and continuing until late Sept, 5 replicate samples of 25 fruiting uprights were collected biweekly from each of 7 cultivar beds. Fruit were removed from uprights and sorted into size classes using stacked soil sieves (16-, 12.5-, 9.5-, and 5.6-mm grids). Fruit from each class was counted and weighed. `Ben Lear', a native Wisconsin selection and the fourth most planted cultivar in Massachusetts, consistently produced the greatest yield (mass) of fruit. This was attributed to consistent fruit retention and large fruit size (majority of fruit at harvest were >12.5 mm in dia). In comparison, `Pilgrim', a large-fruited hybrid cultivar, was near the median for fruit yield due to poor fruit set (≈1.2 berries per upright compared to ≈1.6 for `Ben Lear'). `Stevens', the hybrid cultivar of choice in the MA cranberry industry, had yield similar to `Ben Lear' in only 2 of 3 years. Fruit set and retention in `Stevens' was less than that in `Ben Lear', but larger mass of individual fruit in `Stevens' generally made up for fewer fruit produced. Native cultivars `Early Black' and `Howes', which account for >50% of the MA cranberry acreage, had variable yield attributable to variable fruit set and retention by year. These cultivars bear small fruit (≈1 gm/berry; only half of berries >12.5 mm in diameter). Growth curves showed evidence of a `lag phase' in cranberry fruit mass accumulation occurring approximately at the mid-point of fruit development. Although much of the final fruit mass had accumulated by Sept, additional mass did accumulate up to the harvest of the beds (≈1Oct.). This has implications for growers who harvest fruit in early Sept for `white' cranberry juice.

scholarly journals Regulation of Fruit Growth and Fruit Size in Apple

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097A-1097
Author(s):  
Anish Malladi ◽  
Peter Goldsbrough ◽  
Peter Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Dividing Cells

Fruit development in apple cultivars varying in their ultimate fruit size was analyzed using cytology, flow cytometry (FCM), and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Fruit size variation across cultivars was largely explained by variation in cell number. The cell division phase lasted for less than 30 days in all varieties, less than previously believed. A distinct overlap between the cell division and cell expansion phases was present. Analysis of the relative cell production rate (rCPR) showed a major peak about 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) after which it declined. Comparison of the rCPR across varieties suggested distinct patterns of cell production with `Gala' having a low but sustained rCPR, `Pixy Crunch' a short but high rCPR, and `Golden Delicious' having a high and sustained rCPR. FCM analysis also showed similar patterns with a peak in the proportion of dividing cells about 10 DAFB followed by a decline. To further understand regulation of cell number, four cell cycle related genes were cloned from `Gala'. Cyclin Dependent Kinase B (CDK B) and Cyclin B were found to be highly cell division phase specific in their expression. Analysis of gene expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated peak expression of these two genes at 5-10 DAFB, consistent with the peaks in rCPR and proportion of dividing cells. Comparison of gene expression across the varieties showed higher peak expression of the above genes in the larger-fruited `Golden Delicious' than in the smaller-fruited `Gala.' This study provides novel insight into the regulation of fruit development in apple and also suggests a role for the cell cycle genes in fruit size regulation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cell Division and Cell Enlargement on the Evolution of Fruit Size in Pyrus pyrifolia

2006 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAIXI ZHANG ◽  
KENJI TANABE ◽  
SHIPING WANG ◽  
FUMIO TAMURA ◽  
AKIRA YOSHIDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals 682 New Perspectives on the Influence of Mid-season Environment on Apple Fruit Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 516C-516
Author(s):  
D.S. Tustin ◽  
T. Fulton ◽  
H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Crop Load

Growth of apple fruit can be described as an initial exponential phase lasting the 40+ days of fruit cell division followed by a more-or-less linear phase where growth is by cell expansion. Temperature is a major influence on fruit growth rate during the cell division phase, thereby affecting fruit size at maturity. However it is generally thought that temperature has less-direct impact on fruit development during the fruit expansion phase. Our observations of apple growth among regions and seasons of considerable climatic variability led us to speculate that temperature may impact directly on fruit development during fruit expansion but that responses may be interactive with carbon balance (crop load) influences. Controlled environment studies are being used to examine this hypothesis. Potted `Royal Gala' trees set to three levels of crop (one fruit per 250, 500, or 1000 cm2 leaf area) were grown from 56 to 112 DAFB in day/night temperature regimes of 18/6, 24/12, and 30/18 °C. All trees grew in field conditions prior to and following the controlled environment treatments. Treatments were harvested when 20% to 25% of fruit on trees showed the visual indicators used commercially to indicate harvest maturity. Fruit were evaluated using attributes that determine quality and that may have implications for fruit post harvest behaviour. Temperature and crop load influences on time to maturity, fruit fresh and dry weight, fruit DM content, fruit firmness, fruit airspace content and estimated fruit cortical cell size will be presented and implications discussed.

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