scholarly journals Calcitriol and Its Analogs Establish the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Drives Metastasis in 4T1 Mouse Mammary Gland Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Pawlik ◽  
Artur Anisiewicz ◽  
Beata Filip-Psurska ◽  
Marcin Nowak ◽  
Eliza Turlej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Mammary Gland Cancer

In our previous study, calcitriol and its analogs PRI-2191 and PRI-2205 stimulated 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer metastasis. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the inflammatory response in 4T1-bearing mice treated with these compounds. Gene expression analysis of the splenocytes and regional lymph nodes demonstrated prevalence of the T helper lymphocytes (Th2) response with an increased activity of regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes in mice treated with these compounds. We also observed an increased number of mature granulocytes and B lymphocytes and a decreased number of TCD4+, TCD4+CD25+, and TCD8+, as well as natural killer (NK) CD335+, cells in the blood of mice treated with calcitriol and its analogs. Among the splenocytes, we observed a significant decrease in NK CD335+ cells and an increase in TCD8+ cells. Calcitriol and its analogs decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 and increased the level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the plasma. In the tumor tissue, they caused an increase in the level of IL-10. Gene expression analysis of lung tissue demonstrated an increased level of osteopontin (Spp1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) mRNA. The expression of Spp1 was also elevated in lymph nodes. Calcitriol and its analogs caused prevalence of tumor-conducive changes in the immune system of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, despite the induction of some tumor-disadvantageous effects.

Regulated expression and growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in mouse mammary gland development

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Robinson ◽  
G.B. Silberstein ◽  
A.B. Roberts ◽  
K.C. Flanders ◽  
C.W. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Beta 2

Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was previously shown to inhibit reversibly the growth of mouse mammary ducts when administered in vivo by miniature slow-release plastic implants. We now report a comparative analysis of three TGF-beta isoforms with respect to gene expression and localization of protein products within the mouse mammary gland. Our studies revealed overlapping expression patterns of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 within the epithelium of the actively-growing mammary end buds during branching morphogenesis, as well as within the epithelium of growth-quiescent ducts. However, TGF-beta 3 was the only isoform detected in myoepithelial progenitor cells (cap cells) of the growing end buds and myoepithelial cells of the mature ducts. During pregnancy, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 transcripts increased to high levels, in contrast to TGF-beta 1 transcripts which were moderately abundant; TGF-beta 2 was significantly transcribed only during pregnancy. Molecular hybridization in situ revealed overlapping patterns of expression for the three TGF-beta isoforms during alveolar morphogenesis, but showed that, in contrast to the patterns of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 expression, TGF-beta 3 is expressed more heavily in ducts than in alveoli during pregnancy. Developing alveolar tissue and its associated ducts displayed striking TGF-beta 3 immunoreactivity which was greatly reduced during lactation. All three isoforms showed dramatically reduced expression in lactating tissue. The biological effects of active, exogenous TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 were tested with slow-release plastic implants. These isoforms, like TGF-beta 1, inhibited mammary ductal elongation in situ by causing the disappearance of the proliferating stem cell layer (cap cells) and rapid involution of ductal end buds. None of the isoforms were active in inhibiting alveolar morphogenesis. We conclude that under the limited conditions of these tests, the three mammalian isoforms are functionally equivalent. However, striking differences in patterns of gene expression and in the distribution of immunoreactive peptides suggest that TGF-beta isoforms may have distinct roles in mammary growth regulation, morphogenesis and functional differentiation.

Milk fat globule is an alternative to mammary epithelial cells for gene expression analysis in buffalo

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuming Chen ◽  
Yanjun Wu ◽  
Mingyuan Zhang ◽  
Wenwen Xu ◽  
Xiaoping Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule

Owing to the difficulty in obtaining mammary gland tissue from lactating animals, it is difficult to test the expression levels of genes in mammary gland. The aim of the current study was to identify if milk fat globule (MFG) in buffalo milk was an alternative to mammary gland (MG) and milk somatic cell (MSC) for gene expression analysis. Six buffalos in late lactation were selected to collect MFG and MSC, and then MG was obtained by surgery. MFG was stained with acridine orange to successfully visualise RNA and several cytoplasmic crescents in MFG. The total RNA in MFG was successfully isolated and the integrity was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. We analysed the cellular components in MFG, MG and MSC through testing the expression of cell-specific genes by qRT-PCR. The results showed that adipocyte-specific gene (AdipoQ) and leucocyte-specific genes (CD43, CSF1 and IL1α) in MFG were not detected, whereas epithelial cell marker genes (Keratin 8 and Keratin 18) in MFG were higher than in MSC and lower than in MG, fibroblast marker gene (vimentin) in MFG was significantly lower than in MG and MSC, milk protein genes (LALBA, BLG and CSN2) and milk fat synthesis-related genes (ACC, BTN1A1, FABP3 and FAS) in MFG were higher than in MG and MSC. In conclusion, the total RNA in MFG mainly derives from mammary epithelial cells and can be used to study the functional gene expression of mammary epithelial cells.

Spread of endometriosis to pelvic sentinel lymph nodes: gene expression analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Bürkle ◽  
Nadine K. Notscheid ◽  
Jan Scheich ◽  
Lukas Hefler ◽  
Clemens B. Tempfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Nodes

scholarly journals Temporal inhibition of mouse mammary gland cancer metastasis by CORM-A1 and DETA/NO combination therapy

Theranostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 3918-3939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kseniia Porshneva ◽  
Diana Papiernik ◽  
Mateusz Psurski ◽  
Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik ◽  
Rafał Matkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Cancer ◽  
Temporal Inhibition
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