scholarly journals Host Defense Peptides as Effector Molecules of the Innate Immune Response: A Sledgehammer for Drug Resistance?

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3951-3970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Steinstraesser ◽  
Ursula Kraneburg ◽  
Tobias Hirsch ◽  
Marco Kesting ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Steinau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Defense Peptides

ROLE OF HOST DEFENSE PEPTIDES OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN SEPSIS

Shock ◽  
2007 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Hirsch ◽  
Marie Metzig ◽  
Andreas Niederbichler ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Steinau ◽  
Elof Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Defense Peptides

Innate Immune Response to Cytoplasmic DNA: Mechanisms and Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ming Hu ◽  
Hong-Bing Shu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna ◽  
Stress Response Pathway

DNA has been known to be a potent immune stimulus for more than half a century. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of DNA-triggered immune response have remained elusive until recent years. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a major cytoplasmic DNA sensor in various types of cells that detect either invaded foreign DNA or aberrantly located self-DNA. Upon sensing of DNA, cGAS catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which in turn activates the ER-localized adaptor protein MITA (also named STING) to elicit the innate immune response. The cGAS-MITA axis not only plays a central role in host defense against pathogen-derived DNA but also acts as a cellular stress response pathway by sensing aberrantly located self-DNA, which is linked to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. In this review, we summarize the spatial and temporal mechanisms of host defense to cytoplasmic DNA mediated by the cGAS-MITA axis and discuss the association of malfunctions of this axis with autoimmune and other diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Lipid-Effector Molecules of the Innate Immune Response

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE KIWATA ◽  
RABIN ANOUSEYAN ◽  
ROBERT DESHARNAIS ◽  
ANDREW CORNWELL ◽  
NAZARETH KHODIGUIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Effector Molecules

scholarly journals LL-37 Immunomodulatory Activity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Macrophages

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 4495-4503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flor Torres-Juarez ◽  
Albertina Cardenas-Vargas ◽  
Alejandra Montoya-Rosales ◽  
Irma González-Curiel ◽  
Mariana H. Garcia-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. The susceptibility to this disease depends to a great extent on the innate immune response against mycobacteria. Host defense peptides (HDP) are one of the first barriers to counteract infection. Cathelicidin (LL-37) is an HDP that has many immunomodulatory effects besides its weak antimicrobial activity. Despite advances in the study of the innate immune response in tuberculosis, the immunological role of LL-37 duringM. tuberculosisinfection has not been clarified. Monocyte-derived macrophages were infected withM. tuberculosisstrain H37Rv and then treated with 1, 5, or 15 μg/ml of exogenous LL-37 for 4, 8, and 24 h. Exogenous LL-37 decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) while inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production. Interestingly, the decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines did not reduce antimycobacterial activity. These results are consistent with the concept that LL-37 can modulate the expression of cytokines during mycobacterial infection and this activity was independent of the P2X7 receptor. Thus, LL-37 modulates the response of macrophages during infection, controlling the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Multiscale modeling of innate immune receptors: Endotoxin recognition and regulation by host defense peptides

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 104372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Holdbrook ◽  
Roland G. Huber ◽  
Jan K. Marzinek ◽  
Astrid Stubbusch ◽  
Artur Schmidtchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiscale Modeling ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Defense Peptides

scholarly journals The role of host miRNAs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ExRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ava Behrouzi ◽  
Marjan Alimohammadi ◽  
Amir Hossein Nafari ◽  
Mohammad Hadi Yousefi ◽  
Farhad Riazi Rad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Other ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs, playing an important role in regulating many biological pathways, such as innate immune response against various infections. Different studies confirm that many miRNAs act as important regulators in developing a strategy for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host cell. On the other hand, an innate immune response is one of the important aspects of host defense against Mycobacterium. Considering the importance of miRNAs during tuberculosis infection, we focused on studies that performed on the role of various miRNAs related to pathogenic bacteria, M. tuberculosis in the host. Also, we have introduced important miRNAs that can be used as a biomarker for the detection of Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Interaction and Cellular Localization of the Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 with Lung Epithelial Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Elaine Lau ◽  
Annett Rozek ◽  
Monisha G. Scott ◽  
Danika L. Goosney ◽  
Donald J. Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lung Epithelial Cells ◽  
Perinuclear Region ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Host Defense Peptide

ABSTRACT LL-37 is a human cationic host defense peptide that is an essential component of innate immunity. In addition to its modest antimicrobial activity, LL-37 affects the gene expression and behavior of effector cells involved in the innate immune response, although its mode of interaction with eukaryotic cells remains unclear. The interaction of LL-37 with epithelial cells was characterized in tissue culture by using biotinylated LL-37 and confocal microscopy. It was demonstrated that LL-37 was actively taken up into A549 epithelial cells and eventually localized to the perinuclear region. Specific inhibitors were used to demonstrate that the uptake process was not mediated by actin but required elements normally involved in endocytosis and that trafficking to the perinuclear region was dependent on microtubules. By using nonlinear regression analysis, it was revealed that A549 epithelial cells have two receptors for LL-37B, with high and low affinity for LL-37, respectively. These results indicate the mode of interaction of LL-37 with epithelial cells and further our understanding of its role in modulating the innate immune response.

In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janesh Pillay ◽  
Ineke den Braber ◽  
Nienke Vrisekoop ◽  
Lydia M. Kwast ◽  
Rob J. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
In Vivo Labeling ◽  
Health And Disease

Abstract Neutrophils are essential effector cells of the innate immune response and are indispensable for host defense. Apart from their antimicrobial functions, neutrophils inform and shape subsequent immunity. This immune modulatory functionality might however be considered limited because of their generally accepted short lifespan (< 1 day). In contrast to the previously reported short lifespans acquired by ex vivo labeling or manipulation, we show that in vivo labeling in humans with the use of 2H2O under homeostatic conditions showed an average circulatory neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days. This lifespan is at least 10 times longer than previously reported and might lead to reappraisal of novel neutrophil functions in health and disease.

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