scholarly journals Skewness-Based Partitioning in SpatialHadoop

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Belussi ◽  
Sara Migliorini ◽  
Ahmed Eldawy
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Counting Function ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Parallel Execution ◽  
Spatial Join ◽  
Box Counting ◽  
Reference Space ◽  
Input Dataset ◽  
The Right ◽  
Partitioning Technique

In recent years, several extensions of the Hadoop system have been proposed for dealing with spatial data. SpatialHadoop belongs to this group of projects and includes some MapReduce implementations of spatial operators, like range queries and spatial join. the MapReduce paradigm is based on the fundamental principle that a task can be parallelized by partitioning data into chunks and performing the same operation on them, (map phase), eventually combining the partial results at the end (reduce phase). Thus, the applied partitioning technique can tremendously affect the performance of a parallel execution, since it is the key point for obtaining balanced map tasks and exploiting the parallelism as much as possible. When uniformly distributed datasets are considered, this goal can be easily obtained by using a regular grid covering the whole reference space for partitioning the geometries of the input dataset; conversely, with skewed distributed datasets, this might not be the right choice and other techniques have to be applied. for instance, SpatialHadoop can produce a global index also by means of a Quadtree-based grid or an Rtree-based grid, which in turn are more expensive index structures to build. This paper proposes a technique based on both a box counting function and a heuristic, rooted on theoretical properties and experimental observations, for detecting the degree of skewness of an input spatial dataset and then deciding which partitioning technique to apply in order to improve as much as possible the performance of subsequent operations. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Possibilities of Spatial Data to Determine the Extent of the Occupancy of the Right-of-Way by Large-Format Advertisements

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bieda ◽  
Anita Kwartnik-Pruc ◽  
Edyta Puniach
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Large Format ◽  
The Road ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Right ◽  
Real Estate Management

Abstract Large-format advertisements are becoming a more and more common element of building facades, especially in city centers. Placing an object of this type is not without significance to the real property management. A large-format advertising billboard on the facade, on the one hand, is associated with the possibility of renting advertising space, on the other - it can lead to the occupancy of a right-of-way, which results in a necessity to pay appropriate fees, in the amount regulated by the Act on Public Roads. Placing an object such as a large-format advertising billboard in a right-of-way requires a permit of the manager of this road. However, if a billboard is located on the facade of a building, occupancy of the right-of-way is not always the case. If the boundary of the road parcel runs along the contour of the building, a billboard placed on the elevation will always occupy the right-of-way. However, property boundaries often run at a distance from the building. Such situations - desired by managers - result in a noticeable increase in demand for surveying opinions to determine what part of the right-of-way is occupied by a large-format advertisement. This article analyzes the cases of the right-of-way being occupied by large-format advertising placed on the facades of buildings in the city center. For selected objects, information was obtained from public records, National Cartographic Documentation Center database, and direct surveying was performed with various techniques. This allowed for an objective assessment of the possible use of available surveying methods and the acquired spatial data to determine the right-of-way occupied by large-format advertisements for purposes of real estate management.

scholarly journals Sovereignty in a Federal State: Theoretical and Legal Bases and Practice of Implementation in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Andrei V. Bezrukov ◽  
Andrey A. Kondrashev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right

The article raises the issue of state sovereignty in a federal state and reveals its legal nature. The authors draw attention to the diversity of approaches to the concept and essence of sovereignty, reveal its correlation with related categories, describe the concepts of unity and divisibility of state sovereignty. The paper proves that sovereignty is not a quantitative, but a qualitative characteristic of a state, which is either present or not. The authors substantiate the exclusive possession of state sovereignty by the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the doctrinal, regulatory sources and the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the authors show that the Russian constitutional model explicitly outlines the principle of solid and indivisible state sovereignty spreading throughout the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Recognition of the principle of state sovereignty of Russia presupposes a clear definition of the scope of rights that the Federation should possess in order for its sovereignty to be ensured. The article examines the main features of the state sovereignty of Russia enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, among which are the supremacy of federal law over the law of the subjects of the Federation, the inviolability of borders and territorial integrity, the unity of the economic space, fiscal, banking and monetary systems, common army (Armed Forces), the right of the state to protect its sovereignty and rights of citizens. Despite the unequivocal decision on the integrity of state sovereignty of the Russian Federation expressed the Constitution of the Russian Federation and by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, this fundamental principle is not completely ensured since the idea of the sovereignty of the republics as components of Russia continues to retain its potential threat to Russian federalism, taking into account the provisions of Art. 73 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation that provide for the full state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

10. Jurisdiction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Staker
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Universal Principle ◽  
The Right ◽  
Analysis Of Jurisdiction

This chapter focuses on the principles of international law that govern the right of States to apply their laws to conduct and events occurring within or outside their own territories; the resolution of disputes arising from overlapping jurisdictional claims; and the problems of enforcing national laws. The discussions cover the meaning of ‘jurisdiction’; the significance of the principles of jurisdiction; doctrinal analysis of jurisdiction; the territorial principle; the national principle; the protective principle; the universal principle; treaty-based extensions of jurisdiction; controversial bases of prescriptive jurisdiction; types of jurisdiction; limitations upon jurisdiction; inadequacies of the traditional approach; and the fundamental principle governing enforcement jurisdiction.

A Taxonomy for Distance-Based Spatial Join Queries

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingxiao Li ◽  
David Taniar
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Points ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Database Management ◽  
Spatial Databases ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Spatial Join ◽  
Join Queries

Join operation is one of the most used operations in database management systems, including spatial databases. Hence, spatial join queries are very important in spatial database processing. There are many different kinds of spatial join queries, due to the richness in spatial data types and spatial operations. Therefore, it is important to understand the full spectrum of spatial join queries. The aim of this paper is to give a classification to one family type of spatial join, called the Distance-based Spatial Join. In the taxonomy, the authors divide this spatial join into three categories: (i) AllRange, (ii) All-kNN, and (iii) All-RNN. Each of these categories has its own variants. In this taxonomy, the authors confine the discussions to join queries on fixed points.

scholarly journals How Silent is the Right to Silence?

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Biber
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Presumption Of Innocence ◽  
Religion And Psychology ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Law ◽  
Critical Interpretation ◽  
The Right

A long-held and fundamental principle of our criminal justice system is that people accused of crimes have a right to silence, arising from the presumption of innocence. Rules of evidence try to protect this ‘right’ during trial, by ensuring that juries understand that adverse inferences cannot be drawn from the silence of the accused. Silence, in court, can mean nothing, and we are not to speculate about what might motivate an accused person to remain silent, or what they might have said had they spoken. However, an examination of the jurisprudence in this area shows that the law is often not dealing with actual silence; sometimes when the law refers to the ‘right to silence’, it seems to mean a ‘refusal to hear’. In other instances, there is actual silence, and yet the law refuses to subject that silence to any critical interpretation, insisting that we cannot infer anything from it. While we have learned, from theatre, music, linguistics, religion and psychology, to develop sophisticated means for interpreting silence, the law demands that we set aside these interpretive tools, hearing silence that isn’t there, and inferring nothing about something.

Where's the fire? Quantifying uncertainty in a wildfire threat model

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Jones ◽  
M. F. Garvey ◽  
G. J. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Wildfire Management ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Threat Model ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Input Dataset ◽  
Land Cover Maps

Models of wildfire threat are often used in the management of fire-prone areas for purposes such as planning fire education campaigns and the deployment of fire prevention and suppression resources. While the use of spatial or geographic data is common to all wildfire threat models, the key question arises: Is the accuracy of the spatial data used in wildfire threat models sufficient for the intended decision-making purpose? To help answer this question, a quantitative uncertainty assessment technique was applied to a wildfire threat model used by the Country Fire Authority in Victoria, Australia. The technique simulates known or estimated spatial data error by modifying data values to represent the range of all probable errors present in the input dataset. The wildfire threat model is then run multiple times using these modified ‘error’ layers in order to simulate and observe the effect these errors have on the model outputs. For the model concerned, the results suggest that errors in digital elevation surfaces have only minimal impact upon the outputs, resulting in relatively stable wildfire management decisions. On the other hand inaccuracies in land cover maps (with implied differences in fuel load estimations) result in larger changes in the model outputs, whereas changes in fire weather data can result in highly unstable outputs. Knowledge of these effects can facilitate better wildfire management since any improvements that are to be made to the model’s accuracy can be focussed directly upon the problem datasets.

scholarly journals Participatory Modeling With QUICKScan to Shape Sustainable Urban Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Verweij ◽  
Anouk Cormont ◽  
Michiel van Eupen ◽  
Manuel Winograd ◽  
Jorgelina Hardoy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Participatory Modeling ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
The Right

Current spatial planning methods are often technocratic, slow, fail to use the right kind of evidence or do not involve (all) the actors needed to create support and consensus. We present a method that facilitates the use of evidence (data) in participatory spatial planning processes, resulting in a joint understanding of the most important causalities, as a means to build capacity across actors. QUICKScan is a participatory modeling method that links stakeholder- and decision maker knowledge and preferences to available spatial and spatio-statistical data, and is designed for group use in a multi-stakeholder workshop setting. We describe four urban QUICKScan applications, that vary in objective, scale and institutional setting. The most critical in organizing a QUICKScan session is to: (i) include crucial participants in a single plenary workshop (decision maker, local data expert, and local thematic experts), (ii) create an open atmosphere in which each and everyone's opinion is treated equally, (iii) dialogue is more important than an abundance of detailed spatial data, and (iv) start with simple modeling rules and iterate often while expanding the set of rules and trying out alternatives.

scholarly journals Causality in Cognitive Neuroscience: Concepts, Challenges, and Distributional Robustness

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Weichwald ◽  
Jonas Peters
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Distributional Robustness ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Right ◽  
External Interventions

Whereas probabilistic models describe the dependence structure between observed variables, causal models go one step further: They predict, for example, how cognitive functions are affected by external interventions that perturb neuronal activity. In this review and perspective article, we introduce the concept of causality in the context of cognitive neuroscience and review existing methods for inferring causal relationships from data. Causal inference is an ambitious task that is particularly challenging in cognitive neuroscience. We discuss two difficulties in more detail: the scarcity of interventional data and the challenge of finding the right variables. We argue for distributional robustness as a guiding principle to tackle these problems. Robustness (or invariance) is a fundamental principle underlying causal methodology. A (correctly specified) causal model of a target variable generalizes across environments or subjects as long as these environments leave the causal mechanisms of the target intact. Consequently, if a candidate model does not generalize, then either it does not consist of the target variable's causes or the underlying variables do not represent the correct granularity of the problem. In this sense, assessing generalizability may be useful when defining relevant variables and can be used to partially compensate for the lack of interventional data.

Doing the Full Monty: Will Publicizing Tax Information Increase Compliance?

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie E. Kornhauser
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
Tax Laws ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Publicity of information is a fundamental principle of American democracy. Not only is it instrumental in increasing compliance with the laws, a necessity of any government, but also it is an essential element of the right to know-which itself is an aspect of the first amendment right to free speech. Unfortunately, publicity often conflicts with another fundamental right-the right to privacy. In regards to taxes, citizens essentially have two rights to know: a right to know what the tax laws are, and a right to know that these laws are being administered fairly. Publicity in the tax context traditionally means making tax return information public records in an attempt to ensure the fair administration of the tax laws. This type of publicity, however, generates intense hostility because taxpayers perceive it as a huge invasion of their privacy.After examining the pros and cons of traditional publicity of tax information, this Essay suggests that tax publicity be reconceived more broadly. Redefined in the dictionary sense of simply the transmission of information, tax publicity can include a wide array of communications, varying as to content and audience, which can better achieve publicity’s underlying goals with minimal invasions of privacy. A large portion of publicity in this broad sense can be-and should be-educational.The Essay outlines four publicity proposals to stimulate discussion. Three use the expanded definition of publicity and focus on individual taxpayers: an annual tax statement, a short booklet to accompany the 1040, called Know Your Taxes, and an annual W-4. These essentially educational programs should deliver tax information to taxpayers more effectively than currently occurs. The fourth, more controversial, proposal suggests partial publicity-in the traditional sense. It attempts, however, to minimize the customary objections to publicizing tax return information by reducing invasions of privacy.All the proposals will cost money, but probably less than the costs of enforcing compliance only through increased audits and litigation. They may also have psychic and political costs. Although recent studies show that more informed taxpayers are often more compliant, some of the information may trigger negative attitudes which would decrease compliance and/or create pressure for lower taxes.Regardless of whether taxpayer reactions to the increased information are positive or negative, the greater publicity proposed in the Essay could have salutary effects, especially if it occurred in the context of a rational debate by elected officials about tax policy (instead of the current inflammatory rhetorical sound bites). On the one hand, if taxpayers respond positively to publicity, compliance will increase. If they act negatively, and their hostility to taxes increase, at least the publicity will arm them with more precise information that will allow them to focus their objections to the income tax and thereby lobby more effectively for real tax reform.

Baron vom Stein, the Prussian Law on Municipal Government of 1808 and the Creation of the German Tradition of Participative Self-Government

10.4335/55 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-285
Author(s):  
Martin Will
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Government ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Self ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Structural Principles ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

Most European States have their own particular form and tradition of local self-government. The German concept of local self-government goes back to the Prussian reformer Baron vom Stein who introduced local self-government 200 years ago in Prussia by means of the Prussian Law on Municipal Government. In essence, the then promoted concept of self-government meant that citizens with voting powers had the right to elect a representative assembly which in turn formed a central legislative as well as an administrative organ duly representing the whole citizenship of the town. The fundamental principle of self-government was later transferred to other areas such as the self-government of trade and industry, the self-government of liberal professions or the self-government of universities. As self-government was applied to ever more fields, various scholars contributed to a general concept of self-government or self administration which can now be seen as one of the basic structural principles of the constitutional system of the Federal Republic of Germany. Key words: • Prussian Law • municipial government • local self-government •constitutional system

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