scholarly journals Interactions between Bus, Metro, and Taxi Use before and after the Chinese Spring Festival

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Huang ◽  
Xintao Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Zhao ◽  
Junwei Zhang ◽  
Mei-Po Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Public transport plays an important role in developing sustainable cities. A better understanding of how different public transit modes (bus, metro, and taxi) interact with each other will provide better sustainable strategies to transport and urban planners. However, most existing studies are either limited to small-scale surveys or focused on the identification of general interaction patterns during times of regular traffic. Transient demographic changes in a city (i.e., many people moving out and in) can lead to significant changes in such interaction patterns and provide a useful context for better investigating the changes in these patterns. Despite that, little has been done to explore how such interaction patterns change and how they are linked to the built environment from the perspective of transient demographic changes using urban big data. In this paper, the tap-in-tap-out smart card data of bus/metro and taxi GPS trajectory data before and after the Chinese Spring Festival in Shenzhen, China, are used to explore such interaction patterns. A time-series clustering method and an elasticity change index (ECI) are adopted to detect the changing transit mode patterns and the underlying dynamics. The findings indicate that the interactions between different transit modes vary over space and time and are competitive or complementary in different parts of the city. Both ordinary least-squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models with built environment variables are used to reveal the impact of changes in different transit modes on ECIs and their linkage with the built environment. The results of this study will contribute to the planning and design of multi-modal transport services.

scholarly journals The impact of traffic isolation in Wuhan on the spread of 2019-nCov

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gehui Jin ◽  
Jiayu Yu ◽  
Liyuan Han ◽  
Shiwei Duan
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Migration Index ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
The Impact

The 2019-nCoV outbreak occurred near the Chinese Spring Festival transport period in Wuhan. As an important transportation center, the migration of Wuhan accelerated the spread of 2019-nCoV across mainland China. Based on the cumulative Baidu migration index (CBMI), we first analyzed the proportion of Wuhan’s migrant population to other cities. Our results confirm that there is a significant correlation between the export population of Wuhan and reported cases in various regions. We subsequently found that the mortality rate in Hubei Province was much higher than that in other regions of mainland China, while the investigation of potential cases in Wuhan was far behind other provinces in Mainland China, which indicates the effectiveness of early isolation.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Stock Market in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-743
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
◽  
Yuhong Zhu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Equity Premium ◽  
Liquidity Premium ◽  
Stock Liquidity ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 on the stock ambiguity, risks, liquidity, and stock prices in China stock market, before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 during the Chinese Spring Festival holidays in 2020. We measure stock ambiguity using the intraday trading data. The outbreak of COVID-19 has a significant impact on the average stock ambiguity, risk, and illiquidity in China and induces structural break in the market average ambiguity. However, the equity premium and liquidity premium change little during the same period. The market average stock ambiguity and risks decrease, and stock liquidity improves to pre-pandemic levels as the pandemic is under control in China. The market average stock ambiguity and risks in China increase again when the confirmed new cases in the U.S. surge in the second half of 2020. We also find a “flight-to-liquidity” phenomenon, and the equally-weighted (value-weighted) 20-trading-day liquidity premium declined significantly to about –4.42% (–6.48%) during the fourth quarter of 2020.

Behavioral Mapping of Patient Activity to Explore the Built Environment During Rehabilitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannette Maree Blennerhassett ◽  
Karen Nancy Borschmann ◽  
Ruby Adelaide Lipson-Smith ◽  
Julie Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Patient Behavior ◽  
Rich Description ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rehabilitation Ward ◽  
General Rehabilitation ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To explore the use of a rehabilitation-focused behavioral mapping method to identify changes in patient physical activity, location, and social interaction following the relocation of a rehabilitation ward. Background: Rehabilitation wards are unique healthcare environments where patient activity is encouraged to improve recovery. Little is known about the impact of building design on patient behavior within a rehabilitation setting. We examined this issue when a rehabilitation ward was relocated without altering other aspects of the healthcare service. Method: The setting was a publicly funded inpatient general rehabilitation ward with a separate therapy area. Before and after ward relocation, patient behavior (location, physical, and social activities) was observed at 10-min intervals between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Patients and staff performed their usual activities during data collection. Results: Twenty-three patients participated in the old ward and 24 in the new ward, resulting in 1,150 and 1,200 observation time points, respectively. Patient location and behaviors were similar between wards ( p > .05). Participants were in bedrooms for more than half of the observations (67% old ward, 58% new ward), sitting down (62.8% old ward, 59.0% new ward), and alone (42.0% old ward, 38.0% new ward). Design features, such as separation of the therapy area and ward, may have impacted on patient behavior. Conclusions: The rehabilitation-focused behavioral mapping method provided a rich description of relevant patient behaviors, indicating that it is a feasible and useful method for exploring the impact of the built environment in rehabilitation settings.

scholarly journals Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival: fireworks, secondary aerosol, and holiday effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 6023-6034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Jiang ◽  
Y. L. Sun ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
Y. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Nitrogen Monoxide ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Secondary Aerosol ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Aerosol particles were characterized by an Aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitor along with various collocated instruments in Beijing, China, to investigate the role of fireworks (FW) and secondary aerosol in particulate pollution during the Chinese Spring Festival of 2013. Three FW events, exerting significant and short-term impacts on fine particles (PM2.5), were observed on the days of Lunar New Year, Lunar Fifth Day, and Lantern Festival. The FW were shown to have a large impact on non-refractory potassium, chloride, sulfate, and organics in submicron aerosol (PM1), of which FW organics appeared to be emitted mainly in secondary, with its mass spectrum resembling that of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Pollution events (PEs) and clean periods (CPs) alternated routinely throughout the study. Secondary particulate matter (SPM = SOA + sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) dominated the total PM1 mass on average, accounting for 63–82% during nine PEs in this study. The elevated contributions of secondary species during PEs resulted in a higher mass extinction efficiency of PM1 (6.4 m2 g-1) than during CPs (4.4 m2 g-1). The Chinese Spring Festival also provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on aerosol chemistry in the city. Primary species showed ubiquitous reductions during the holiday period with the largest reduction being in cooking organic aerosol (OA; 69%), in nitrogen monoxide (54%), and in coal combustion OA (28%). Secondary sulfate, however, remained only slightly changed, and the SOA and the total PM2.5 even slightly increased. Our results have significant implications for controlling local primary source emissions during PEs, e.g., cooking and traffic activities. Controlling these factors might have a limited effect on improving air quality in the megacity of Beijing, due to the dominance of SPM from regional transport in aerosol particle composition.

scholarly journals Impact of anthropogenic emission on air quality over a megacity – revealed from an intensive atmospheric campaign during the Chinese Spring Festival

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 11631-11645 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Huang ◽  
G. Zhuang ◽  
Y. Lin ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
J. S. Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The Chinese Spring Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. The peak transport in the Spring Festival season (spring travel rush) provides a unique opportunity for investigating the impact of human activity on air quality in the Chinese megacities. Emission sources are varied and fluctuate greatly before, during and after the Festival. Increased vehicular emissions during the "spring travel rush" before the 2009 Festival resulted in high level pollutants of NOx (270 μg m−3), CO (2572 μg m−3), black carbon (BC) (8.5 μg m−3) and extremely low single scattering albedo of 0.76 in Shanghai, indicating strong, fresh combustion. Organics contributed most to PM2.5, followed by NO3−, NH4+, and SO42−. During the Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve and Day, widespread usage of fireworks caused heavy pollution of extremely high aerosol concentration, scattering coefficient, SO2, and NOx. Due to the "spring travel rush" after the festival, anthropogenic emissions gradually climbed and mirrored corresponding increases in the aerosol components and gaseous pollutants. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+) accounted for a dominant fraction of 74% in PM2.5 due to an increase in human activity. There was a greater demand for energy as vast numbers of people using public transportation or driving their own vehicles returned home after the Festival. Factories and constructions sites were operating again. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis illustrated the possible source areas for air pollutants of Shanghai. The effects of regional and long-range transport were both revealed. Five major sources, i.e. natural sources, vehicular emissions, burning of fireworks, industrial and metallurgical emissions, and coal burning were identified using the principle component analysis. The average visibility during the whole study period was less than 6 km. It had been estimated that 50% of the total light extinction was due to the high water vapor in the atmosphere. This study demonstrates that organic aerosol was the largest contributor to aerosol extinction at 47%, followed by sulfate ammonium, nitrate ammonium, and EC at 22%, 14%, and 12%, respectively. Our results indicated the dominant role of traffic-related aerosol species (i.e. organic aerosol, nitrate and EC) on the formation of air pollution, and suggested the importance of controlling vehicle numbers and emissions in mega-cities of China as its population and economy continue to grow.

scholarly journals Impacts of Small-Scale Urban Encroachment on Air Temperature Observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Leeper ◽  
John Kochendorfer ◽  
Timothy A. Henderson ◽  
Michael A. Palecki
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Range ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Observations ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA field experiment was performed in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with four instrumented towers placed over grass at increasing distances (4, 30, 50, 124, and 300 m) from a built-up area. Stations were aligned in such a way to simulate the impact of small-scale encroachment on temperature observations. As expected, temperature observations were warmest for the site closest to the built environment with an average temperature difference of 0.31° and 0.24°C for aspirated and unaspirated sensors, respectively. Mean aspirated temperature differences were greater during the evening (0.47°C) than during the day (0.16°C). This was particularly true for evenings following greater daytime solar insolation (20+ MJ day−1) with surface winds from the direction of the built environment where mean differences exceeded 0.80°C. The impact of the built environment on air temperature diminished with distance with a warm bias only detectable out to tower B′ located 50 m away. The experimental findings were comparable to a known case of urban encroachment at a U.S. Climate Reference Network station in Kingston, Rhode Island. The experimental and operational results both lead to reductions in the diurnal temperature range of ~0.39°C for fan-aspirated sensors. Interestingly, the unaspirated sensor had a larger reduction in diurnal temperature range (DTR) of 0.48°C. These results suggest that small-scale urban encroachment within 50 m of a station can have important impacts on daily temperature extrema (maximum and minimum) with the magnitude of these differences dependent upon prevailing environmental conditions and sensing technology.

Spatial-temporal disparities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 on domestic tourism demand: A study of Emeishan National Park in Mainland China

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110533
Author(s):  
Ting Tan ◽  
Jianping Zha ◽  
Jianying Tang ◽  
Rong Ma ◽  
Wenjia Li
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, like other disasters or crises, can immensely influence visitors’ demand to visit affected destinations. The current study helps us better understand how this health crisis could affect the demand change from a micro-level perspective of small-scale tourist destinations. Based on the web search data from the Baidu Index, the present study adopts the Emeishan National Park in China as the study area and employs multiple methods to assess the spatial-temporal disparities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 on domestic tourism demand. The main findings reveal that the demand changes during the observation period resemble a U-shaped curve along with the outbreak, spread, and control of the crisis, and such impacts exhibit different characteristics in the pre-event, prodromal, emergency, intermediate, and long-term recovery stages. During and after the pandemic, the short-distance market is the most vulnerable, but it presents the strongest resilience, while the medium- and long-distance markets are relatively less affected. Significant stratified heterogeneity in the tourism demand of domestic source markets also emerges before and after the crisis. Finally, some implications of promoting domestic tourism recovery in the post-pandemic era are discussed, and recommendations are made.

scholarly journals The impacts of firework burning at the Chinese Spring Festival on air quality: insights of tracers, source evolution and aging processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 2167-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Kong ◽  
L. Li ◽  
X. X. Li ◽  
Y. Yin ◽  
K. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. To understand the impact of firework-burning (FW) particles on air quality and human health during the winter haze period, 39 elements, 10 water-soluble ions and 8 fractions of carbonaceous species in atmospheric PM2.5 in Nanjing were investigated during the 2014 Chinese Spring Festival (SF). Serious regional haze pollution persisted throughout the entire sampling period, with PM2.5 averaging at 113 ± 69 μg m−3 and visibility at 4.8 ± 3.2 km. The holiday effect led to almost all the chemical species decreasing during the SF, except for Al, K, Ba and Sr which were related to FW. The source contributions of coal combustion, vehicle emission and road dust decreased dramatically, whereas FW contributed to about half of the PM2.5 during the SF period. The intensive emission of FW particles on New Year's Eve accounted for 60.1% of the PM2.5. Fireworks also obviously modified the chemical compositions of PM2.5, with 39.3% contributed by increased organic matter, followed by steadily increased loadings of secondary inorganic ions. The aging processes of the FW particles lasted for about 4 days reflected by the variations of Ba, Sr, NH4+, NO3−, SO42− and K+, characterized by heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and NOx on crustal materials directly from FW, the replacement of Cl− by NO3− and SO42−, coating of NO3− and SO42− on soot, formation of secondary organic aerosols and metal-catalyzed formation of NO3− and SO42− at higher relative humidity. During aging, the main contributors to the extinction coefficient shifted from elemental carbon and organic matter to ammonium sulfate. The particles raised higher cancer risk of 1.62 × 10−6 by heavy metals (especially for Cd and As). This study provided detailed composition data and first comprehensive analysis of the aging processes of FW particles during the serious haze pollution period and their potential impact on human health.

The impact of urban regrowth on the built environment

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2683-2700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Wolff ◽  
Annegret Haase ◽  
Dagmar Haase ◽  
Nadja Kabisch
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

After several decades, an increasing number of European cities have been experiencing population growth after a longer phase of decline. This new growth represents not just a quantitative phenomenon but also has qualitative implications for the urban space and the built environment. A juxtaposition of re- and de-densification, as well as changes in land use, in the form of a small-scale spatial mosaic, can be observed. A crucial factor for estimating the relationship between the built environment and demand for it is population density. Increasing population densities may put pressure on sustaining a certain quality of life and on ecological recovery spaces. In this vein, an indicator concept for re- and de-densification will be applied to the city of Leipzig, one of the most illustrative examples of a regrowing city, in order to shed light on the complex relationship between changing human housing demands and their impact on land use. The concept involves measuring population density. Our study has demonstrated that, although similar density changes can be observed in different periods in different parts of the city, they are dominated by different drivers, leading to the formation of different spatial patterns. The results of our study emphasise that regrowth should be understood as a distinctive process because it is distributed very heterogeneously within the city area, with a variety of spatial effects and impacts. The concept allows us to draw conclusions about processes that mitigate, drive or reinforce regrowth, and therefore contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon and its implications for land use.

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