scholarly journals Comparison of Data from Rain Gauges and the IMERG Product to Analyse Precipitation in Mountain Areas of Central Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Matteo Gentilucci ◽  
Margherita Bufalini ◽  
Fabrizio D’Aprile ◽  
Marco Materazzi ◽  
Gilberto Pambianchi
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Mountain Weather

In central Italy, particularly in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, there are some complete, high-altitude weather stations, which are very important for assessing the climate in these areas. The mountain weather stations considered in this study were Monte Bove Sud (1917 m.a.s.l.), Monte Prata (1816 m.a.s.l.) and Pintura di Bolognola (1360 m.a.s.l.). The aim of this research was to compare the differences between the precipitation measured by the rain gauges and the data obtained by satellite using the IMERG algorithm, at the same locations. The evaluation of possible errors in the estimation of precipitation using one method or the other is fundamental for obtaining a reliable estimate of precipitation in mountain environments. The results revealed a strong underestimation of precipitation for the rain gauges at higher altitudes (Monte Bove Sud and Monte Prata) compared to the same pixel sampled by satellite. On the other hand, at lower altitudes, there was a better correlation between the rain gauge value and the IMERG product value. This research, although localised in well-defined locations, could help to assess the problems in rain detection through mountain weather stations.

scholarly journals Statistical Characteristic of Heavy Rainfall Associated with Typhoons near Taiwan Based on High-Density Automatic Rain Gauge Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chieh Wu ◽  
Tzu-Hsiung Yen ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Huang ◽  
Cheng-Ku Yu ◽  
Shin-Gan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Rain Gauge Data ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Central Weather Bureau

Abstract This study utilizes data compiled over 21 years (1993–2013) from the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan to investigate the statistical characteristics of typhoon-induced rainfall for 53 typhoons that have impacted Taiwan. In this work the data are grouped into two datasets: one includes 21 selected conventional weather stations (referred to as Con-ST), and the other contains all the available rain gauges (250–500 gauges, mostly automatic ones; referred to as All-ST). The primary aim of this study is to understand the potential impacts of the different gauge distributions between All-ST and Con-ST on the statistical characteristics of typhoon-induced rainfall. The analyses indicate that although the average rainfall amount calculated with Con-ST is statistically similar to that with All-ST, the former cannot identify the precipitation extremes and rainfall distribution appropriately, especially in mountainous areas. Because very few conventional stations are located over the mountainous regions, the cumulative frequency obtained solely from Con-ST is not representative. As compared to the results from All-ST, the extreme rainfall assessed from Con-ST is, on average, underestimated by 23%–44% for typhoons approaching different portions of Taiwan. The uneven distribution of Con-ST, with only three stations located in the mountains higher than 1000 m, is likely to cause significant biases in the interpretation of rainfall patterns. This study illustrates the importance of the increase in the number of available stations in assessing the long-term rainfall characteristic of typhoon-associated heavy rainfall in Taiwan.

Validation of PERSIANN Precipitation Product Using TAWN Rain Gauge Network Over Different Agro-climatic Zones in Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (september) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Venkadesh Samykannu ◽  
◽  
Pazhanivelan S ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Cauvery Delta ◽  
Rain Gauge Network

Currently, several satellite-precipitation products were developed using multiple algorithms to estimate rainfall. This study carried out using Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) product over seven agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu during the northeast monsoon (NEM) season of October to December for 2015-2017 (three years) against 118 rain-gauges data of Tamil Nadu Agricultural Weather Network (TAWN). The performance compares aggregated seasonal scale of rainfall using continuous (CC, RMSE, and NRMSE) statistical approaches. It was observed that PERSIANN is accurate in the high-altitude hilly zone and the Cauvery delta zone. For 2015, 2016, and 2017, the correlation values were 0.77, 0.52, and 0.71, respectively. The highest RMSE value was measured for northeast zone (NEZ) during 2015 (222.17 mm), and the lowest was determined for 22.63 in the High-altitude hilly zone (HAHZ) during 2016 and NRMSE had less errors during all three seasons. The study concluded that the PERSIANN data set could be useful substitute for rain-gauge precipitation data.

scholarly journals Precipitation and Microphysical Processes Observed by Three Polarimetric X-Band Radars during HOPE

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Xie ◽  
Raquel Evaristo ◽  
Clemens Simmer ◽  
Jan Handwerker ◽  
Silke Troemel
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
X Band ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Microphysical Processes ◽  
Close Distance ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. This study presents a first analysis of precipitation and related microphysical processes observed by three polarimetric X-band Doppler radars (BoXPol, JuXPol and KiXPol) in conjunction with a ground-based network of disdrometers, rain gauges and vertically pointing micro rain radars (MRR) during the High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2) Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) during April and May 2013 in Germany. While JuXPol and KiXPol were continuously observing the central HOPE area near Forschungszentrum Juelich at a close distance, BoXPol observed the area from a distance of about 48.5 km. MRRs were deployed in the central HOPE area and one MRR close to BoXPol in Bonn, Germany. Seven disdrometers and three rain gauges providing point precipitation observations were deployed at five locations within a 5×5 km2 region, while another three disdrometers were collocated with the MRR in Bonn. The daily rainfall accumulation at each rain gauge/disdrometer location estimated from the three X-band polarimetric radar observations showed a very good agreement. Accompanying microphysical processes during the evolution of precipitation systems were well captured by the polarimetric X-band radars and corroborated by independent observations from the other ground-based instruments.

scholarly journals Precipitation and microphysical processes observed by three polarimetric X-band radars and ground-based instrumentation during HOPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 7105-7116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Xie ◽  
Raquel Evaristo ◽  
Clemens Simmer ◽  
Jan Handwerker ◽  
Silke Trömel
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
X Band ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Microphysical Processes ◽  
Close Distance ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. This study presents a first analysis of precipitation and related microphysical processes observed by three polarimetric X-band Doppler radars (BoXPol, JuXPol and KiXPol) in conjunction with a ground-based network of disdrometers, rain gauges and vertically pointing micro rain radars (MRRs) during the High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2) Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) during April and May 2013 in Germany. While JuXPol and KiXPol were continuously observing the central HOPE area near Forschungszentrum Jülich at a close distance, BoXPol observed the area from a distance of about 48.5 km. MRRs were deployed in the central HOPE area and one MRR close to BoXPol in Bonn, Germany. Seven disdrometers and three rain gauges providing point precipitation observations were deployed at five locations within a 5 km  ×  5 km region, while three other disdrometers were collocated with the MRR in Bonn. The daily rainfall accumulation at each rain gauge/disdrometer location estimated from the three X-band polarimetric radar observations showed very good agreement. Accompanying microphysical processes during the evolution of precipitation systems were well captured by the polarimetric X-band radars and corroborated by independent observations from the other ground-based instruments.

scholarly journals Using High-Speed Photography to Study Undercatch in Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauges*

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Duchon ◽  
Christopher Fiebrich ◽  
David Grimsley
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Linear Correction ◽  
Rain Rates

Abstract To better understand the undercatch process associated with tipping-bucket rain gauges, a high-speed camera normally used in determining the structure of lightning was employed. The photo rate was set at 500 frames per second to observe the tipping of the bucket in a commonly used tipping-bucket rain gauge. The photos showed detail never seen before as the bucket tipped from one side to the other. Two fixed rain rates of 19.9 mm h−1 (0.78 in. h−1) and 175.2 mm h−1 (6.90 in. h−1), the minimum and maximum available, respectively, were used. The data from four tips at each rain rate were examined. The results show that the time from the beginning of a tip to the time the bucket assembly is horizontal—defined as the period during which undercatch occurs—was an average of 0.450 s for the eight cases. The average time for a complete tip was 0.524 s; thus, the vast majority of the time of a tip, 86%, is spent in undercatch mode. Because there was no apparent dependence of these times on rain rate, it should be possible to apply an accurate linear correction for undercatch as a function of rain rate given the time that undercatch occurs during a tip. Over all eight tips, the undercatch was found to be 0.98% for the 19.9 mm h−1 rate and 8.78% for the 175.2 mm h−1 rate. The procedure used to estimate the undercatch is described. Slow motion videos of the tipping of a bucket are available online.

scholarly journals Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration and Calibration of the Hargreaves Equation Using Geostatistical Methods over the Last 10 Years in Central Italy

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Matteo Gentilucci ◽  
Margherita Bufalini ◽  
Marco Materazzi ◽  
Maurizio Barbieri ◽  
Domenico Aringoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Mountain Environment ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Mountain Weather

Potential evapotranspiration (ET0) is an indicator of great interest for water budget analysis and the agricultural sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to make the calculation reliable even if only the temperature data were present. In this research, the ET0 was initially calculated for a limited number of weather stations (12) using the Penman–Monteith method. In some cases, the simplified Penman–Monteith formula was adopted, while in others, as in the case of mountain weather stations, the complete formula was employed to consider the differences in vegetation, deduced from satellite surveys. Subsequently, the ET0 was calculated with the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) formula, calibrating the Hargreaves coefficient, through the spatialization of ET0, by the geostatistical method. The results showed a high reliability of the HS method in comparison with simplified PM (PM) method, and complete Penman–Monteith (cPM) method, with a minimum calibration of the empirical Hargreaves coefficient. In particular, a very good correlation between the results obtained in the mountain environment with the uncalibrated HS method and the cPM method was also observed in this area, while PM showed discordant and much higher results than ET0 compared with the other methods. It follows that this procedure allowed a more accurate estimate of potential evapotranspiration with a view to territory management, both in terms of water resources and the irrigation needs of the vegetation.

scholarly journals On the value of high density rain gauge observations for small Alpine headwater catchment hydrology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Michelon ◽  
Lionel Benoit ◽  
Harsh Beria ◽  
Natalie Ceperley ◽  
Bettina Schaefli
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
High Density ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. Spatial rainfall patterns exert a key control on the catchment scale hydrologic response. Despite recent advances in radar-based rainfall sensing, rainfall observation remains a challenge particularly in mountain environments. This paper analyzes the importance of high-density rainfall observations for a 13.4 km2 catchment located in the Swiss Alps where rainfall events were monitored during 3 summer months using a network of 12 low-cost, drop-counting rain gauges. We developed a data-based analysis framework to assess the importance of high-density rainfall observations to help predict hydrologic processes. The framework involves the definition of spatial rainfall distribution metrics based on hydrological and geomorphological considerations, and the analysis of how these metrics explain the hydrologic response in terms of runoff coefficient and lag time. The gained insights are then used to investigate the optimal raingauge network density for predicting the hydrological metrics in the studied catchment. The analysis unravels that besides amount and intensity, the rainfall distance from the outlet along the stream network is a key spatial rainfall metric. This result calls for more detailed observations of stream network expansions, as well as the parameterization of along stream processes in rainfall-runoff models. In addition, despite the small spatial scale of this case study, the results show that an accurate representation of the rainfall field is of prime importance to capture the key characteristics of the hydrologic response in terms of generated runoff volumes and delay. In the present case, at least three rain gauges were required for proper runoff prediction.

Piemonte. Tra stasi e sperimentazioni, un quadro chiaroscurale / Piedmont. Between stasis and experimentations, a «chiaroscuro» framework

ARCHALP ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Antonio De Rossi ◽  
Roberto Dini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Architectural Production ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Contemporary Situation

The contemporary architectural production in the Alps of Piedmont has to be studied taking into consideration the contrasting phenomena of depopulation and tourism that have involved the mountain areas of the region during last century. In the fifties and sixties the percentage of abandonment of the high valleys reaches even 80-90%. Entire communities move to industrial urban centers in the cities on the plain. On the other side we witness to a strong polarization of the winter stations that become real “banlieues blanches” for the free time of the citizens and where the architecture of alpine modernism, with various forms, shapes. The paradox nowadays is that the rarefaction of abandoned and depopulated territories is necessary to force to start and choose new innovative paths. We witness a contemporary situation with different shades: on one side the well-established touristic territories that need projects to promote the redevelopment and diversification, on the other side the marginal places where are rising new visions are practices of reactivation of the territory in which architecture is fundamental. The topic of quality of the construction of the physical space intersects with the regeneration of places on a cultural basis, new agriculture and green economy, innovative development of the patrimony, sustainable tourism, with inclusive and participative paths of nature, by giving new meanings to places and building new economies and identities.

The Prediction of Rainfall and the Direction of Rainfall by a Narrow Area Radar Rain Gauge

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Shinichi Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Sewage Plant ◽  
Future Prediction ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Narrow Area

Narrow area radar rain gauges are currently used for measuring rainfall. These radar gauges can measure rainfall accurately in a small area. In sewage plants it is important to predict stormwater. To calculate predicted stormwater the results of rainfall and a prediction of the near future are necessary. Recently urbanization has made the arrival time of flooding to the sewage plant much shorter. This paper deals with system technologies for the near future prediction of radar rain gauge rainfall. The method of prediction of rainfall, calculation of results and other considerations are described.

scholarly journals Assessment of Snowfall Accumulation from Satellite and Reanalysis Products Using SNOTEL Observations in Alaska

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2922
Author(s):  
Yang Song ◽  
Patrick D. Broxton ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ehsani ◽  
Ali Behrangi
Keyword(s):  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Rainfall Analysis ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
Precipitation Estimates

The combination of snowfall, snow water equivalent (SWE), and precipitation rate measurements from 39 snow telemetry (SNOTEL) sites in Alaska were used to assess the performance of various precipitation products from satellites, reanalysis, and rain gauges. Observation of precipitation from two water years (2018–2019) of a high-resolution radar/rain gauge data (Stage IV) product was also utilized to give insights into the scaling differences between various products. The outcomes were used to assess two popular methods for rain gauge undercatch correction. It was found that SWE and precipitation measurements at SNOTELs, as well as precipitation estimates based on Stage IV data, are generally consistent and can provide a range within which other products can be assessed. The time-series of snowfall and SWE accumulation suggests that most of the products can capture snowfall events; however, differences exist in their accumulation. Reanalysis products tended to overestimate snow accumulation in the study area, while the current combined passive microwave remote sensing products (i.e., IMERG-HQ) underestimate snowfall accumulation. We found that correction factors applied to rain gauges are effective for improving their undercatch, especially for snowfall. However, no improvement in correlation is seen when correction factors are applied, and rainfall is still estimated better than snowfall. Even though IMERG-HQ has less skill for capturing snowfall than rainfall, analysis using Taylor plots showed that the combined microwave product does have skill for capturing the geographical distribution of snowfall and precipitation accumulation; therefore, bias adjustment might lead to reasonable precipitation estimates. This study demonstrates that other snow properties (e.g., SWE accumulation at the SNOTEL sites) can complement precipitation data to estimate snowfall. In the future, gridded SWE and snow depth data from GlobSnow and Sentinel-1 can be used to assess snowfall and its distribution over broader regions.

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