scholarly journals Assessing Earthquake Impacts and Monitoring Resilience of Historic Areas: Methods for GIS Tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Sonia Giovinazzi ◽  
Corinna Marchili ◽  
Antonio Di Pietro ◽  
Ludovica Giordano ◽  
Antonio Costanzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Historic Areas ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Effective Decision Making

Historic areas (HAs) are highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including earthquakes, that can cause severe damage, if not total destruction. This paper proposes methods that can be implemented through a geographical information system to assess earthquake-induced physical damages and the resulting impacts on the functions of HAs and to monitor their resilience. For the assessment of damages, making reference to the universally recognised procedure of convoluting hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, this paper proposes (a) a framework for assessing hazard maps of both real and end-user defined earthquakes; (b) a classification of the exposed elements of the built environment; and (c) an index-based seismic vulnerability assessment method for heritage buildings. Moving towards the continuous monitoring of resilience, an index-based assessment method is proposed to quantify how the functions of HAs recover over time. The implementation of the proposed methods in an ad hoc customized WebGIS Decision Support System, referred to as ARCH DSS, is demonstrated in this paper with reference to the historic area of Camerino-San Severino (Italy). Our conclusions show how ARCH DSS can inform and contribute to increasing awareness of the vulnerabilities of HAs and of the severity of the potential impacts, thus supporting effective decision making on mitigation strategies, post-disaster response, and build back better.

Using Data Mining Techniques for the Management of Seismic Vulnerability

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Leon ◽  
Gabriela Maria Atanasiu ◽  
Dan Gâlea
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Information System ◽  
Geographical Information System ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Earthquake Losses ◽  
Effective Decision Making

Natural hazards, and especially earthquakes, are often recurring phenomena. Therefore, there is a permanent need for solutions to reduce earthquake losses by developing technologies, procedures, knowledge, and tools for seismic design and rehabilitation of buildings and infrastructure. A key point to an effective decision making process that aims at mitigating their effects is building a model of the underlying facts. A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a framework able to assemble, keep, process and display specific information, identified by geographical location, which can combine layers of information to give the user a better understanding about that location. By using a Geographical Information System containing geospatial data, one can develop useful scenarios to reduce natural disaster risk and vulnerability of structures. In this paper, we describe a way of applying data mining techniques from the artificial intelligence field to earthquake analysis in order to make a better investigation of the available data. These methods are capable of finding “hidden” correlations among different subsets of data, which cannot be revealed by means of simple statistics.

A status quo analysis of disaster risk reduction policy and legislation in Cameroon

foresight ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E.A. Ashu ◽  
Dewald Van Niekerk
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
The Status

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status quo of disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy and legislation in Cameroon. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative method, this paper examines historical data from sectoral administrative reports, plans, declarations, commitments and speeches, texts and peer-reviewed journals on disaster and risk management in Cameroon for the period 1967-2017. Empirical data from ten selected government sectors were used to analyze the status quo, together with quantitative data collected by using four instruments (i.e. HFA Priority 1 & 4, USAID Toolkit, GOAL Resilience Score and the Checklist on Law and DRR). Findings Findings show that Cameroon largely still practices disaster response through the Department of Civil Protection. Transparency and accountability are the sine qua non of the state, but the lack thereof causes improper implementation of DRR within development institutions. DRR is seen as an ad hoc activity, with the result that there is not effective institutional capacity for implementation. The need to develop a new national DRR framework is evident. Originality/value Analyzing the status quo of DRR in Cameroon could assist with the review and reevaluation of a new DRR framework within the Cameroonian territory.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey of Routing Attacks and Defense Mechanisms in MANETs

Webology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Issue 04) ◽  
pp. 1479-1498
Author(s):  
R. Deeptha
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Routing Security ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Manet Routing

Mobile Ad Hoc NETwork (MANET) is the most desired topic of research amidst researchers mainly because of its flexibility and independent nature of network infrastructures. MANET's unique characteristics, like the dynamic behaviour related to network topology, limited bandwidth and battery resources, make routing a challenging task. Currently, several efficient routing protocols based on topology and geographical information have been proposed for MANET. However, most of them assume a trusted and cooperative oriented environment. With the influence of adversaries, the MANET routing protocols are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. Recently, several research efforts have been made to counter these adversarial activities. This survey investigates the latest and on demand security concerns in MANET. This paper comprehensively discusses the existing attacks in the network layer, various categories of defense mechanisms in the literature, and their benefits and defects when applying to MANET. This paper also classifies the attacks and defense mechanisms based on the routing nature, such as topological and geographical. It also discusses intrusion detection systems as well as anonymous routing in MANETs. Finally, it discusses the challenges and future directions in routing security over the MANET environment.

scholarly journals Seismic Risk Assessment of Chania, Greece, Using an Integrated Computational Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11249
Author(s):  
Ioannis Koutsoupakis ◽  
Yiannis Tsompanakis ◽  
Pantelis Soupios ◽  
Panagiotis Kirmizakis ◽  
SanLinn Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Surface Shear ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
Ground Motion Scenarios ◽  
The City

This study develops a comprehensive seismic risk model for the city of Chania, in Greece, which is located ina highly seismic-prone region due to the occurrenceof moderate to large earthquakes because of the nearby major subduction zone between African and Eurasian tectonic plates. The main aim is to reduce the seismic risk for the study area by incorporating the spatial distribution of the near-surface shear wave velocity model and the soil classification, along with all possible seismic sources, taking into account historical events. The study incorporates and correlates various ground motion scenarios and geological fault zones as well as information on existing buildings to develop a seismic risk model using QuakeIST software, and then the seismic hazard and a realistic prediction of resulting future adverse effects are assessed. The developed model can assist the municipal authorities of Chania to be prepared for potential seismic events, as well as city planners and decisionmakers, who can use the model as an effective decision-making tool to identify the seismic vulnerability of the city buildings and infrastructure. Thus, this study enables the implementation of an appropriate and viable earthquake-related hazards strategy to mitigate damage and losses in future earthquakes.

scholarly journals A Survey on Multihop Ad Hoc Networks for Disaster Response Scenarios

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Reina ◽  
M. Askalani ◽  
S. L. Toral ◽  
F. Barrero ◽  
E. Asimakopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multihop Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Disaster Relief Operations ◽  
Relief Operations ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Multihop Ad Hoc Network

Disastrous events are one of the most challenging applications of multihop ad hoc networks due to possible damages of existing telecommunication infrastructure. The deployed cellular communication infrastructure might be partially or completely destroyed after a natural disaster. Multihop ad hoc communication is an interesting alternative to deal with the lack of communications in disaster scenarios. They have evolved since their origin, leading to different ad hoc paradigms such as MANETs, VANETs, DTNs, or WSNs. This paper presents a survey on multihop ad hoc network paradigms for disaster scenarios. It highlights their applicability to important tasks in disaster relief operations. More specifically, the paper reviews the main work found in the literature, which employed ad hoc networks in disaster scenarios. In addition, it discusses the open challenges and the future research directions for each different ad hoc paradigm.

Guidance for Human Action Evaluations for External Flood Risk Assessment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond E. Schneider ◽  
Srinivasa Visweswaran ◽  
John Fluehr ◽  
H. Alan Hackerott
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Performance Shaping Factors ◽  
Flooding Hazards

For many years external flooding hazards have been recognized as significant contributors to plant risk. However, it was not until the events at Fukushima that there was a concerted effort on the part of the utilities to reassess the plant external flood design basis, identify external flood vulnerabilities and take actions to address them. For many plants, resolution of low probability high consequence floods will likely be addressed by a combination of actions involving enhancements to flood protection and hazard mitigation strategies. Over time, as plants decide on which strategies to apply there is an expectation that the most effective way to develop and justify these strategies will involve probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) concepts. The PRA framework is well suited for performing a human reliability analysis (HRA). Within that framework, HRA evaluations focus on operator and plant staff actions taken in response to plant initiating events (e.g., loss of offsite power, etc.). For many external floods, advance warning of an impending external flood event provides the trigger for pre-emptive manual actions to potentially reconfigure the plant through temporary installation of flood barriers. Unlike the post-initiator actions which tend to be more narrowly focused, these pre-emptive actions are taken in a less controlled environment, may be ad hoc, and may potentially be in competition with site investment protection activities, site evacuation, etc. The purpose of this paper is to define the challenges in defining an approach for treating external flood actions, identifying external flood timelines, identifying the manual actions/organizational environment during external flooding scenarios and proposing an integrated strategy for quantifying those actions. The proposed quantification process is rooted in management science concepts for evaluating project reliability. The overall methodology identifies flood significant performance shaping factors, and identifies three (3) factors, namely time available for flood mitigation, proper access to plant site following flood and environmental factors, as having an overarching impact on the performance shaping factors affecting each of the flood mitigation tasks.

EFFICIENT PETROPHYSICAL UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION VIA DATA-DRIVEN ANALYTICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cristiano ◽  
◽  
Marco Pirrone ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
Reservoir Modeling ◽  
Parameter Uncertainties ◽  
Volume Porosity ◽  
Very High

Risk-mitigation strategies are most effective when the major sources of uncertainty are determined through dedicated and in-depth studies. In the context of reservoir characterization and modeling, petrophysical uncertainty plays a significant role in the risk assessment phase, for instance in the computation of volumetrics. The conventional workflow for the propagation of the petrophysical uncertainty consists of physics-based model embedded into a Monte Carlo (MC) template. In detail, open-hole logs and their inherent uncertainties are used to estimate the important petrophysical properties (e.g. shale volume, porosity, water saturation) with uncertainty through the mechanistic model and MC simulations. In turn, model parameter uncertainties can be also considered. This standard approach can be highly time-consuming in case the physics-based model is complex, unknown, difficult to reproduce (e.g. old/legacy wells) and/or the number of wells to be processed is very high. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to show how a data-driven methodology can be used to propagate the petrophysical uncertainty in a fast and efficient way, speeding-up the complete process but still remaining consistent with the main outcomes. In detail, a fit-for-purpose Random Forest (RF) algorithm learns through experience how log measurements are related to the important petrophysical parameters. Then, a MC framework is used to infer the petrophysical uncertainty starting from the uncertainty of the input logs, still with the RF model as a driver. The complete methodology, first validated with ad-hoc synthetic case studies, has been then applied to two real cases, where the petrophysical uncertainty has been required for reservoir modeling purposes. The first one includes legacy wells intercepting a very complex lithological environment. The second case comprises a sandstone reservoir with a very high number of wells, instead. For both scenarios, the standard approach would have taken too long (several months) to be completed, with no possibility to integrate the results into the reservoir models in time. Hence, for each well the RF regressor has been trained and tested on the whole dataset available, obtaining a valid data-driven analytics model for formation evaluation. Next, 1000 scenarios of input logs have been generated via MC simulations using multivariate normal distributions. Finally, the RF regressor predicts the associated 1000 petrophysical characterization scenarios. As final outcomes of the workflow, ad-hoc statistics (e.g. P10, P50, P90 quantiles) have been used to wrap up the main findings. The complete data-driven approach took few days for both scenarios with a critical impact on the subsequent reservoir modeling activities. This study opens the possibility to quickly process a high number of wells and, in particular, it can be also used to effectively propagate the petrophysical uncertainty to legacy well data for which conventional approaches are not an option, in terms of time-efficiency.

Assessing the exposure of the built environment to potential ignition sources generated from vegetative fuel

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Beverly ◽  
P. Bothwell ◽  
J. C. R. Conner ◽  
E. P. K. Herd
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Wildland Urban Interface ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Over Time

We assessed the exposure of the built environment to potential ignition sources generated from vegetative fuel for four communities in the province of Alberta, Canada. Ignition processes generated by burning vegetation that were included in the analysis were radiant heat, short-range spotting, and longer-range spotting. Results were used to map the boundaries of the wildland–urban interface and to delineate zones within each community that identify the degree to which these areas represent potential wildfire entry-points into the wildland–urban interface. The assessment method can be used to set priorities for mitigation activities; compare conditions within and between communities and over time; and identify priority areas for time- and resource-intensive site assessments that are often completed for individual structures located in the wildland–urban interface. We compared results among the four case-study communities and demonstrated an application of the approach for evaluating community fuel treatment plans. Factors that influenced the exposure of the built environment to potential ignition sources differed among the communities, which suggested the need for community-specific mitigation strategies. Spatial patterns of areas with elevated ignition exposure reflected not only the amount of ignition-producing vegetation around the built environment, but also the size and arrangement of fuel patches in relation to the unique morphology of the community and the occurrence of occluded interface zones.

scholarly journals A Contribution to a UHS-Based Seismic Risk Assessment in Croatia—A Case Study for the City of Osijek

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Pavić ◽  
Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko ◽  
Borko Bulajić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Seismic Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Vulnerability Of Buildings ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Due to increases in the number of inhabitants and their concentrations in densely populated areas, there is a growing need in modern society to be cautious towards the impact of catastrophic natural events. An earthquake is a particularly major example of this. Knowledge of the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Europe and around the world has deepened and expanded over the last 20 years, as a result of the many devastating earthquakes. In this study, a review of seismic risk assessment methods in Croatia was presented with respect to the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability of buildings in the fourth largest city (Osijek) in Croatia. The proposed algorithm for a detailed risk assessment was applied to a database and is currently in its initial stage.

scholarly journals Balancing Hazard Exposure and Walking Distance in Evacuation Route Planning during Earthquake Disasters

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonjun No ◽  
Junyong Choi ◽  
Sangjoon Park ◽  
David Lee
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Floating Population ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Building Collapse ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Evacuation Route Planning ◽  
Evacuation Route

Efficient evacuation planning is important for quickly navigating people to shelters during and after an earthquake. Geographical information systems are often used to plan routes that minimize the distance people must walk to reach shelters, but this approach ignores the risk of exposure to hazards such as collapsing buildings. We demonstrate evacuation route assignment approaches that consider both hazard exposure and walking distance, by estimating building collapse hazard zones and incorporating them as travel costs when traversing road networks. We apply our methods to a scenario simulating the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake in South Korea, using the floating population distribution as estimated by a mobile phone network provider. Our results show that balanced routing would allow evacuees to avoid the riskiest districts while walking reasonable distances to open shelters. We discuss the feasibility of the model for balancing both safety and expediency in evacuation route planning.

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