scholarly journals Rurality and Origin–Destination Trajectories of Medical School Application and Matriculation in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Lan Mu ◽  
Yusi Liu ◽  
Donglan Zhang ◽  
Yong Gao ◽  
Michelle Nuss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
School Students ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Physician Shortages ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Physician shortages are more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. The geography of medical school application and matriculation could provide insights into geographic differences in physician availability. Using data from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), we conducted geospatial analyses, and developed origin–destination (O–D) trajectories and conceptual graphs to understand the root cause of rural physician shortages. Geographic disparities exist at a significant level in medical school applications in the US. The total number of medical school applications increased by 38% from 2001 to 2015, but the number had decreased by 2% in completely rural counties. Most counties with no medical school applicants were in rural areas (88%). Rurality had a significant negative association with the application rate and explained 15.3% of the variation at the county level. The number of medical school applications in a county was disproportional to the population by rurality. Applicants from completely rural counties (2% of the US population) represented less than 1% of the total medical school applications. Our results can inform recruitment strategies for new medical school students, elucidate location decisions of new medical schools, provide recommendations to close the rural–urban gap in medical school applications, and reduce physician shortages in rural areas.

scholarly journals A SURVEY ON RURAL SCHOOL STUDENTS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Suresh Solomon. G ◽  
Nancy Jasmine Goldina
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
School Students ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Education Performance

In India there exists a lot of Rural areas in which the educational performance of the rural school students are inferior when compared it to the performance of the urban areas due to the lack of facilities, environment, income, employment opportunities and exposure. Equality is one among the basic principle of our country, so it’s a mere responsibility of any research study to perform a detailed analysis towards the performance of rural school students by focusing on to the factors to be monitored and improved so that the Rural areas also raise to the equilant level of competition with the Urban areas. For this goal Data mining plays a vital role in order to handle the data in proper way for analysis and prediction of performances for the improvement of rural school student’s education domain results. This paper presents a survey on Data Mining strategies used for prediction and performance analysis of rural school students education improvements. KEYWORDS—Data Mining, Rural, Urban, Prediction, Performance

scholarly journals Sexuality and the city: The geography of LGBT participation in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Thompson ◽  
Stuart James Turnbull-Dugarte
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lgbt Individuals

The literature on LGBT participation is growing, but there is still little empirical analysis on the importance of urbanicity in shaping Queer activism. In this paper, we address this critical gap by examining how patterns of participation among LGBT Americans vary by geographic context. Using data from the 2020 Cooperative Election Study (CES) to explore how patterns of LGBT participation differ across the urban-rural interface, we find that individuals identifying as LGBT living in urban areas exhibit higher rates of participation than those living in rural areas, and that these results hold across multiple urban-rural classification schemes. Estimating a multilevel model that leverages local-level data on the density of the LGBT population, we also provide strong empirical validation of the theoretical effects of intragroup contact and mobilization on LGBT participation in large metro areas. When we limit our sample to respondents living in the 55 largest metro areas in the US but vary the metro-level percentage of LGBT individuals, we find that LGBT individuals living in metro areas with a higher percentage of LGBT individuals exhibit higher rates of participation relative to metro areas with a lower percentage of LGBT individuals. The results indicate that urban contexts foster Queer participation by engendering intragroup contact and mobilization among LGBT populations.

Deplorable or Disposable? The Carceral State and ‘Breaking Bad’ in Rural America

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-132
Author(s):  
Marie Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
Breaking Bad ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This chapter examines the limitations of viewing the US carceral state primarily through a racial disparities lens centred on differences in incarceration rates between whites and blacks. It surveys important shifts since the 1970s in who is being incarcerated in the United States, including racial, ethnic, gender, and geographic shifts, most notably between urban and rural areas. It deploys three common frameworks used to help explain the rise of mass incarceration and the hyper-incarceration of African Americans—the culture of control, the culture of poverty, and the war on drugs—to analyse the deepening penetration of the carceral state outside of major urban areas and to examine the opioid crisis.

scholarly journals RACIAL DISPARITIES IN RURAL-URBAN MORTALITY GAP IN THE UNITED STATES: A 24-YEAR LONGITUDINAL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S733-S733
Author(s):  
Nasim Ferdows ◽  
Soroosh Baghban Ferdows ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Racial Gap ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Although overall life expectancy in the US has improved rapidly over the course of the 20th century and the racial gap in all-cause mortality has declined in recent decades, geographical disparities in mortality have increased in the last three decades. This research aims to study racial and geographical disparities by comparing the race and sex-specific mortality trends of the US rural and urban populations. We created a longitudinal county level analytic file of the US population 65 years and older, over the period of 1968 to 2015 obtained from CDC-WONDER and Area Health Resources Files. First, we used an OLS regression of age-adjusted mortality rate onto year indicators interaction with race and gender to depict the race and sex-specific trend in age-adjusted mortality rates. We also estimated the change in in mortality rate over time, for each race and gender, relative to values in 1968. Finally, we estimated race and sex specific trend in rural-urban mortality gap using state fixed effects regression. Our results indicate that racial gap in mortality rates has only declined in urban areas. Mortality rates of the whites in rural areas declined more rapidly than their Black counterparts, resulting in a gap that has been widening in the last three decades. The racial gap has increased considerably for males residing in rural counties not adjacent to an urban county. Thus, racial disparity in mortality has increased in rural areas, with a considerable widening between white and black male population living in the more remote rural areas.

scholarly journals Sexuality and the city: The geography of LGBT political participation in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Thompson ◽  
Stuart James Turnbull-Dugarte
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lgbt Individuals

The literature on LGBT participation is growing, but there is still little empirical analysis on the importance of urbanicity in shaping Queer activism. In this paper, we address this critical gap by examining how patterns of participation among LGBT Americans vary by geographic context. Using data from the 2020 Cooperative Election Study (CES) to explore how patterns of LGBT participation differ across the urban-rural interface, we find that individuals identifying as LGBT living in urban areas exhibit higher rates of participation than those living in rural areas, and that these results hold across multiple urban-rural classification schemes. Estimating a multilevel model that leverages local-level data on the density of the LGBT population, we also provide strong empirical validation of the theoretical effects of intragroup contact and mobilization on LGBT participation in large metro areas. When we limit our sample to respondents living in the 55 largest metro areas in the US but vary the metro-level percentage of LGBT individuals, we find that LGBT individuals living in metro areas with a higher percentage of LGBT individuals exhibit higher rates of participation relative to metro areas with a lower percentage of LGBT individuals. The results indicate that urban contexts foster Queer participation by engendering intragroup contact and mobilization among LGBT populations.

The five Cs of positive youth development in Norway

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Holsen ◽  
John Geldhof ◽  
Torill Larsen ◽  
Elisabeth Aardal
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Youth Development ◽  
Positive Youth Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
School Students ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Five Cs ◽  
Using Data

As the field of positive youth development (PYD) emerges internationally, models of PYD designed for use in the US must be extended to diverse contexts. For instance, a robust body of evidence supports Lerner and colleagues’ Five Cs Model of PYD in the US, but it remains unclear whether the Five Cs Model can validly capture positive development in other contexts. In this article we examined the Five Cs of PYD using data from 1195 upper secondary school students (ages 16 to 19) in Norway and 839 participants who took part in the 4-H Study of PYD in the United States. Despite some differences, the tests of weak and strong measurement invariance do suggest that the overarching PYD factor as well as a majority of the Cs, retain their qualitative interpretation between the two samples. We next examined correlations between the full battery of PYD items administered to the Norwegian sample and three relevant criterion measures: Anxiety and Depressive symptoms; Life Satisfaction; and Empowerment. The residual Cs tended to correlate positively with indicators of adaptive development and negatively with maladaptive outcomes. The one exception was a positive correlation between Caring and Anxiety and Depressive symptoms. These findings are discussed. Measuring the same constructs in the same way across countries is a prerequisite for studying cultural differences and similarities in development. This study thus represents a step forward in the application of PYD research among diverse youth.

scholarly journals ICTs and the Urban-Rural Divide: Can Online Labour Platforms Bridge the Gap?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Braesemann ◽  
Vili Lehdonvirta ◽  
Otto Kässi
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural Counties

Information and communication technologies have long been predicted to make cities as hubs of economic organisation obsolete and spread economic opportunities to rural areas. However, the actual trend in the 21st century has been the opposite. Knowledge spillovers have fuelled urbanisation and pulled job-seekers into large cities, increasing the gap to deprived rural areas. We argue that new assemblages of technologies and social practices, so-called ’online labour platforms’, have recently started to counter this trend. By providing effective formal and informal mechanisms of enforcing cooperation, these platforms for project-based remote knowledge work enable users to hire and find work across distance. In analysing data from a leading online labour platform in more than 3,000 urban and rural counties in the United States, we find that rural workers made disproportionate use of the online labour market. Rural counties also supplied, on average, higher skilled online work than urban areas did. However, many of the most deprived regions of the country did not participate in the online labour market at all. Our findings highlight the potentials and limitations of such platforms for regional economic development.

scholarly journals Trends in Opioid Prescribing by County Following Pennsylvania PDMP Implementation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAIM MILLER ◽  
MATTHEW B. SHERMAN ◽  
ASIF M. ILYAS
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Prescribing Habits ◽  
Opioid Prescribing ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: The opioid epidemic has hit all corners of the United States but has disproportionately affected geographical areas to varying extents over the last thirty years. Rural areas have had higher rates of opioid prescribing than urban areas. However, urban counties have higher rates of opioid overdose deaths than rural counties. This study aims to outline the trends in opioid prescribing between rural and urban counties in the state of Pennsylvania since the implementation of a statewide prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP).Methods: Data pertaining to opioid prescribing habits as listed below were obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Health who administers the PDMP in Pennsylvania. Study data that were of interest and provided by the PDMP were: Drug name, quantity of prescriptions, average daily morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and days supplied. Urban and Rural categorizations were provided by The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a legislative agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The timeline for this study analyses began from Q1 2017 through Q1 2020. T-tests were used to compare the county informationResults: Opioid prescriptions from 2017 to 2020 decreased on average by 35% (SD= 0.13) in rural counties and 33% (SD= 0.10) in urban counties (P= 0.114). Change in average daily MME was 0.13 (SD=0.06) in the rural group and 0.14 (SD=0.03, p=0.229). Days supplied per prescription showed no significant changes between rural and urban counties with regards to; less than 3 days, 4-7 days, 8-21 days, and 31+ days. A significant decrease was seen in the 22–30-day subgroup between the rural (0.36 SD=0.08) and urban counties (0.31 SD=0.04 p=0.003).Conclusion: No significant changes were seen in the decline of opioid prescribing habits between rural and urban counties in Pennsylvania from 2017 to 2020. This compounds on similar state-specific studies showing no significant difference in the rate of decline between rural and urban counties.

Recent trends in age at diagnosis of colon cancer in the United States, 2004-2015, a National Cancer Database study.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 490-490
Author(s):  
Boone Wilder Goodgame ◽  
Jack Virostko ◽  
Anna Capasso ◽  
Thomas Yankeelov
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Cancer Database ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

490 Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in adults younger than age 50 has been increasing in the US since 1970. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for CRC beginning at age 50, while the American Cancer Society recently revised its guidelines to advise screening at age 45. We analyzed the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 through 2015 to determine whether the proportion of patients diagnosed younger than 50 has changed during this time. Methods: This was a retrospective study of NCDB data, which includes more than 70 percent of newly diagnosed cancer cases in the US. We examined the proportion of patients diagnosed prior to age 50 as our primary endpoint. We used the Cochran–Armitage test for trend to assess changes in the proportion of cases diagnosed at age < 50 years old as a function of year of diagnosis. Results: We identified 152,749 patients diagnosed under age 50 and 1,033,014 patients diagnosed at age 50 or greater. Over the study period, the proportion of the total number of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer under age 50 increased (14.3% in 2015 vs. 11.5% in 2004, p < 0.0001). Younger adults with CRC presented with more advanced disease, with 49.9% stage III or IV disease, as compared to 40.0% in those diagnosed over age 50. Both men and women had a rising proportion of cases diagnosed younger than 50 (p < 0.0001) over time. In men, only non-Hispanic whites had an increase in diagnosis at ages less than 50 (p < 0.0001), while in women, all racial and ethnic subgroups had an increase in younger diagnoses over time (p < 0.01). All income quartiles (p < 0.001) demonstrated a proportional increase in younger adults over time, with the highest income quartile having the highest proportion of younger cases. The proportion of younger-onset CRC rose in urban areas (p < 0.001), but did not rise in rural areas. Conclusions: The proportion of persons diagnosed with CRC under age 50 in the US has continued to increase over the past decade. Younger adults presented with more advanced disease, suggesting that screening could improve outcomes.

scholarly journals Maintaining a Sufficient and Quality Physician Workforce: The Role of For-profit Medical Schools

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. HSI.S10462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Babcock ◽  
Blake D. Babcock ◽  
Marshall Z. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physician Workforce ◽  
Workforce Shortage ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Training ◽  
Physician Shortages ◽  
The Us

Currently, in the United States there is a significant physician workforce shortage. This problem is likely to persist as there is no quick solution. The nature of this shortage is complex and involves factors such as an absolute physician shortage, as well as physician shortages in primary care and certain specialty care areas. In addition, there is a misdistribution of physicians to medically underserved areas and populations. The medical education system trains medical school graduates that eventually feed the physician workforce. However, several factors are in place which ultimately limits the effectiveness of this system in providing an appropriate workforce to meet the population demands. For-profit medical schools have been in existence in and around the continental US for many years and some authors have suggested that they may be a major contributor to the physician workforce shortage. There is currently one for-profit medical school in the US, however the majority exist in the Caribbean. The enrollment in and number of these schools have grown to partially meet the ever-growing demand for an increase in medical school graduates and they continue to provide a large number of graduates who return to the US for postgraduate medical training and, ultimately, increase the physician workforce. The question is whether this source will benefit the workforce quality and quantity needs of our growing and aging population.

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