scholarly journals Determinants of Use of Household-level Water Chlorination Products in Rural Kenya, 2003–2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3842-3852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. DuBois ◽  
John A. Crump ◽  
Bruce H. Keswick ◽  
Laurence Slutsker ◽  
Robert E. Quick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Level ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Water Chlorination

scholarly journals How well do different dietary and nutrition assessment tools match? Insights from rural Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Fongar ◽  
Theda Gödecke ◽  
Antony Aseta ◽  
Matin Qaim
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveVarious indicators and assessment tools exist to measure diets and nutrition. Most studies eventually rely on one approach. Relatively little is known about how closely results match when different tools are used in the same context. The present study compares and correlates different indicators for the same households and individuals to better understand which indicators can be used as proxies for others.DesignA survey of households and individuals was carried out in Kenya in 2015. Seven-day food consumption and 24 h dietary recalls were administered at household and individual level, respectively. Individual height and weight measures were taken. Different indicators of food access (energy consumption, household dietary diversity scores), dietary quality (individual dietary diversity scores, micronutrient intakes) and nutrition (anthropometric indicators) were calculated and correlated to evaluate associations.SettingRural farm households in western Kenya.ParticipantsData collected from 809 households and 1556 individuals living in these households (782 female adults, 479 male adults, 295 children aged 6–59 months).ResultsAll measures of food access and dietary quality were positively correlated at individual level. Household-level and individual-level dietary indicators were also positively correlated. Correlations between dietary indicators and anthropometric measures were small and mostly statistically insignificant.ConclusionsDietary indicators from 7d food consumption recalls at the household level can be used as proxies of individual dietary quality of children and male and female adults. Individual dietary diversity scores are good proxies of micronutrient intakes. However, neither household-level nor individual-level dietary indicators are good proxies of individual nutritional status in this setting.

scholarly journals Barriers and Enabling Factors for Central and Household Level Water Treatment in a Refugee Setting: A Mixed-Method Study among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3149
Author(s):  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Leanne Unicomb ◽  
S.M. Monirul Ahasan ◽  
Nuhu Amin ◽  
Debashish Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Water Taste

Water chlorination is widely used in emergency responses to reduce diarrheal diseases, although communities with no prior exposure to chlorinated drinking water can have low acceptability. To better inform water treatment interventions, the study explored acceptability, barriers, and motivating-factors of a piped water chlorination program, and household level chlorine-tablet distribution, in place for four months in Rohingya refugee camps, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. We collected data from June to August 2018 from four purposively selected refugee camps using structured observation, key-informant-interviews, transect-walks, group discussions, focus-group discussions, and in-depth-interviews with males, females, adolescent girls, and community leaders. Smell and taste of chlorinated water were commonly reported barriers among the population that had previously consumed groundwater. Poor quality source-water and suboptimal resultant treated-water, and long-queues for water collection were common complaints. Chlorine-tablet users reported inadequate and interrupted tablet supply, and inconsistent information delivered by different organisations caused confusion. Respondents reported fear of adverse-effects of "chemicals/medicine" used to treat water, especially fear of religious conversion. Water treatment options were reported as easy-to-use, and perceived health-benefits were motivating-factors. In vulnerable refugee communities, community and religious-leaders can formulate and deliver messages to address water taste and smell, instil trust, allay fears, and address rumours/misinformation to maximise early uptake.

scholarly journals Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anett John ◽  
Kate Orkin
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Behavioral Constraints ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Future Utility ◽  
Objectively Measured

Abstract Behavioral constraints may explain part of low demand for preventive health products. We test the effects of two light-touch psychological interventions on water chlorination and related health and economic outcomes using a randomized controlled trial among 3750 women in rural Kenya. One intervention encourages participants to visualize alternative realizations of the future; one builds participants’ ability to make concrete plans. After 12 weeks, visualization increases objectively measured chlorination, reduces diarrhea episodes among children, and increases savings. Effects on chlorination and savings persist after almost three years. Effects of the planning intervention are weaker and largely insignificant. Analysis of mechanisms suggests both interventions increase self-efficacy – beliefs about one’s ability to achieve desired outcomes. Visualization also increases participants’ skill in forecasting their future utility (Gabaix and Laibson 2017). The interventions do not differentially affect beliefs and knowledge about chlorination. Results suggest simple psychological interventions can increase future-oriented behaviors, including use of preventive health technologies.

scholarly journals Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Mohamed ◽  
Joe Brown ◽  
Robert M. Njee ◽  
Thomas Clasen ◽  
Hamisi M. Malebo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Water Chlorination

Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines for higher turbidity waters are sufficient to produce potable water. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination across a range of turbidities found in rural water sources, following local dosing guidelines that recommend a ‘double dose’ for water that is visibly turbid. We chlorinated water from 43 sources representing a range of turbidities using two locally available chlorine-based disinfectants: WaterGuard and Aquatabs. We determined free available chlorine at 30 min and 24 h contact time. Our data suggest that water chlorination with WaterGuard or Aquatabs can be effective using both single and double doses up to 20 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), or using a double dose of Aquatabs up to 100 NTU, but neither was effective at turbidities greater than 100 NTU.

scholarly journals Various forms of double burden of malnutrition problems exist in rural Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Fongar ◽  
Theda Gödecke ◽  
Matin Qaim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background The coexistence of overweight/obesity and undernutrition is often referred to as the double burden of malnutrition (DB). DB was shown to exist in many developing countries, especially in urban areas. Much less is known about DB in rural areas of developing countries. Also, the exact definition of DB varies between studies, making comparison difficult. The objective of this study is to analyse DB problems in rural Kenya, using and comparing different DB definitions and measurement approaches. Methods Food intake and anthropometric data were collected from 874 male and female adults and 184 children (< 5 years) through a cross-section survey in rural areas of Western Kenya. DB at the individual level is defined as a person suffering simultaneously from overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiency or stunting. DB at the household level is defined as an overweight/obese adult and an undernourished child living in the same household, using underweight, stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiency as indicators of child undernutrition. Results DB at the individual level is found in 19% of the adults, but only in 1% of the children. DB at the household level is relatively low (1–3%) when using wasting or underweight as indicators of child undernutrition, but much higher (13–17%) when using stunting or micronutrient deficiency as indicators. Conclusion Various forms of DB problems exist in rural Kenya at household and individual levels. Prevalence rates depend on how exactly DB is defined and measured. The rise of overweight and obesity, even in rural areas, and their coexistence with different forms of undernutrition are challenges for food and nutrition policies.

scholarly journals The WASH Benefits and SHINE Trials. Interpretation of Findings on Linear Growth and Diarrhoea and Implications for Policy: Perspective of the Investigative Teams (P10-136-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Humphrey ◽  
Amy Pickering ◽  
Clair Null ◽  
Peter Winch ◽  
Goldberg Mangwadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Message Delivery ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Gates Foundation

Abstract Objectives We recently completed 3 efficacy trials (Bangladesh, Kenya, Zimbabwe) testing the independent and combined effects of improved complementary feeding (CF) and intensive household water quality, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on child diarrhea and length-for-age-Z-score (LAZ) at 18 to 24 mo. Intervention uptake was high. In all three trials: CF increased LAZ but WASH had no effect on LAZ. WASH reduced diarrhea in Bangladesh but not in Kenya or Zimbabwe. We present a synthesis of trial findings and their implications. Methods Reviews of the literature and reanalyses of trial data were conducted. Results WASH and stunting: Copious observational studies have demonstrated a strong association between household-level WASH and child LAZ. We conducted an observational anlaysis (nested birth cohort) from our control arms. In adjusted analyses of all three trials, having an improved latrine when the pregnant woman was enrolled was associated with ∼0.2LAZ increase in her child at 18–24 mo. The frequently reported association between household WASH indicators and child growth may be confounded and drawing causal inferance misguided. WASH and diarrhea: Promoters visited intervention households 6 times per month in Bangladesh and monthly in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We conducted a systematic literature review: virtually all evidence that household water chlorination and handwashing reduce diarrhea comes from studies with daily to fortnightly intervention contact. In studies with follow-up after the trial ending, behaviors steeply declined and the effect on child diarrhea disappeared. Household water chlorination and handwashing promotion implemented through sporadic message delivery may not reduce child diarrhea. Enteropathogen transmission: Despite achieving substantial contrast between WASH and non-WASH households, children in the WASH arms still experienced high enteropathogen transmission, illustrating the recalcitrance of pervasive fecal contamination in rural low-income communities to even intense intervention. Conclusions Household WASH interventions are unlikely to reduce child stunting and may not reduce child diarrhea. We call for substantial investment in research to identify and in programming to deliver much more efficacious interventions. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, DFID/UKAID, Wellcome Trust.

Generation and analysis of biogas from kitchen waste at a small scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Md. Kumail Naqvi ◽  
Mrinal Anthwal ◽  
Ravindra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Replacement Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Small Period

Biogas is the product of anaerobic vitiation of biodegradable matter. This paper focuses on the need of alternative and green sources of energy at a household level and how biogas produced from the everyday organic waste has the potential and possibility to replace LPG cylinders at houses, shops etc. and empower us to step towards an eco-friendly future. The purpose this small-scale experiment has been to find the perfect input matter that is easy to acquire and which produces the maximum amount of gas from minimum input and within small period of waste retention. Four different types of input waste material containing different quantities of cow dung and kitchen food waste were studied through individual experimental setups. Waste was mixed and kept at room temperature and the pH and total solid concentration of the samples were recorded on regular intervals. From the experiment it was found that the optimum yield of biogas at a small scale, based on the parameters such as retention period, pH and total solid con-centration can be obtained by the use of food waste form households and kitchens. The exact composition has been discussed in this paper. The energy generated by the small-scale generator has also been compared to that of an LPG cylinder and an LPG replacement model has also been presented.

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