scholarly journals Heat Acclimation Following Heat Acclimatization Elicits Additional Physiological Improvements in Male Endurance Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4366
Author(s):  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Jeb F. Struder ◽  
Michael R. Szymanski ◽  
Ciara N. Manning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Heat Acclimatization ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Physiological Outcomes ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of heat acclimatization (HAz) followed by heat acclimation (HA) on physiological adaptations. 25 male endurance athletes (age 36 ± 12 y, height 178.8 ± 6.39 cm, body mass 73.03 ± 8.97 kg, and VO2peak 57.5 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed HAz and HA. HAz was 3 months of self-directed summer training. In the laboratory, a 5-day HA prescribed exercise to target a hyperthermic zone (HZHA) of Trec between 38.50 and 39.75 °C for 60 min. Exercise trials were 60 min of running (59% ± 2% VO2peak) in an environmental chamber (wet bulb globe temperature 29.53 ± 0.63 °C) and administered at: baseline, post-HAz, and post-HAz+HA. Measured variables included internal body temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR), and sweat rate (SR). Repeated measure ANOVAs and post hoc comparisons were used to assess statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences. Trec was lower post-HAz+HA (38.03 ± 0.39 °C) than post-HAz (38.25 ± 0.42 °C, p = 0.009) and baseline (38.29 ± 0.37 °C, p = 0.005). There were no differences between baseline and post-HAz (p = 0.479) in Trec. HR was lower post-HAz (143 ± 12 bpm, p = 0.002) and post-HAz+HA (134 ± 11 bpm, p < 0.001) than baseline (138 ± 14 bpm). HR was lower post-HAz+HA than post-HAz (p = 0.013). SR was higher post-HAz+HA (1.93 ± 0.47 L·h−1) than post-HAz (1.76 ± 0.43 L·h−1, p = 0.027). Combination HAz and HA increased physiological outcomes above HAz. This method can be used to improve performance and safety in addition to HAz alone.

scholarly journals Exertional Heat-Stroke Preparedness in High School Football by Region and State Mandate Presence

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Andrew J. Grundstein ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
State Mandates ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Heat Acclimatization ◽  
Exertional Heat Stroke ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
State Mandate ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Football Programs

Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of sudden death in high school football players. Preparedness strategies can mitigate EHS incidence and severity. Objective To examine EHS preparedness among high school football programs and its association with regional and state preseason heat-acclimatization mandates. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preseason high school football programs, 2017. Patients or Other Participants A total of 910 athletic trainers (ATs) working with high school football (12.7% completion rate). Main Outcome Measure(s) We acquired data on high school football programs' EHS preparedness strategies in the 2017 preseason via an online questionnaire, looking at (1) whether schools' state high school athletic associations mandated preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines and (2) heat safety region based on warm-season wet-bulb globe temperature, ranging from the milder region 1 to the hotter region 3. Six EHS-preparedness strategies were assessed: EHS recognition and treatment education; policy for initiating emergency medical services response; emergency response plan enactment; immersion tub filled with ice water before practice; wet-bulb globe temperature monitoring; and hydration access. Multivariable binomial regression models estimated the prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies. Results Overall, 27.5% of ATs described their schools as using all 6 EHS-preparedness strategies. The highest prevalence was in region 3 schools with state mandates (52.9%). The multivariable model demonstrated an interaction in which the combination of higher heat safety region and presence of a state mandate was associated with a higher prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies (P = .05). Controlling for AT and high school characteristics, the use of all 6 strategies was higher in region 3 schools with state mandates compared with region 1 schools without state mandates (52.9% versus 17.8%; prevalence ratio = 2.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.81, 3.95). Conclusions Our findings suggest a greater use of EHS-preparedness strategies in environmentally warmer regions with state-level mandates for preseason heat acclimatization. Future researchers should identify factors influencing EHS preparedness, particularly in regions 1 and 2 and in states without mandates.

Consistency Assessment of Heat Stress Monitoring of Outdoor Workers Using Sweat Rate Measurement and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature WBGT in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates

Health Scope ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Heidari ◽  
Farideh Golbabaei ◽  
Aliakbar Shamsipour ◽  
Abbas Rahimi Forushani ◽  
Abbasali Gaeini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Stress Monitoring ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Outdoor Workers ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Sweat Rates and Fluid Turnover in Professional Football Players: A Comparison of National Football League Linemen and Backs

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fowkes Godek ◽  
Arthur R. Bartolozzi ◽  
Richard Burkholder ◽  
Eric Sugarman ◽  
Chris Peduzzi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Mass Measurements ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature

Abstract Context: Many National Football League (NFL) teams practice 2 times per day over consecutive days in a hot and humid environment. Large body surface area (BSA) and use of protective equipment result in high sweat rates and total sweat loss in these football players. Objective: To compare sweat rate, sweat loss, fluid consumption, and weight loss between NFL linemen and backs during preseason practices. Design: Between-groups design. Setting: Preseason training camp with wet bulb globe temperature between 19°C and 25°C. Patients or Other Participants: Eight linemen and 4 backs and receivers participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected during both practice sessions on 2 separate days during the first week of August. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for all fluids consumed between prepractice and postpractice body mass measurements and the urine produced during practice divided by the length of the practice session. Gross daily sweat losses also were calculated. Results: Height, mass, and BSA were higher in linemen than in backs. Sweat rate was also higher in linemen (2385 ± 520 mL/h) than in backs (1410 ± 660 mL/h, P &lt; .001), as was the total volume of sweat lost during both practices in 1 day (6870 ± 1034 mL/d versus 4110 ± 2287 mL/d, P  =  .014). Compared with backs, linemen consumed more fluids during practice (2030 ± 849 mL versus 1179 ± 753 mL, P  =  .025) but produced less urine (53 ± 73 mL versus 163 ± 141 mL, P  =  .018). There was no difference in postpractice weight loss (linemen  =  −1.15 ± 0.83%, backs  =  −1.06 ± 0.76%). Conclusions: Linemen sweated at higher rates, lost larger volumes of sweat, consumed more fluids, and produced less urine during practice compared with the physically smaller backs, but they did not lose a greater percentage of body weight. Sodium losses could be considerable in NFL players during the preseason because of high daily sweat losses in backs and in linemen.

Collegiate Marching Band Artists Experience High Core Body Temperatures during Rehearsals and Performances

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (preprint) ◽  
pp. 0000-0000
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Emerson ◽  
Toni M. Torres-McGehee ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Melani R. Kelly ◽  
Nancy Uriegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Marching Band ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Hydration Characteristics

Abstract Context: No research has investigated thermoregulatory responses and exertional heat illness (EHI) risk factors in marching band (MB) artists performing physical activity in high environmental temperatures. Objective: Examine core temperature (Tc) and EHI risk factors in MB artists. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Three rehearsals and 2 football games for 2 NCAA Division I MBs. Participants: Nineteen volunteers completed the study (female = 13, males = 6; age = 20.5 ± 0.9 years; weight = 75.0 ± 19.1 kg; height = 165.1 ± 7.1 cm). Main Outcome Measures: We measured Tc pre-, post-, and every 15 minutes during activity and recorded wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and relative humidity (RH) every 15 minutes. Other variables included activity time and intensity, ground surface, hydration characteristics (fluid volume, sweat rate, urine specific gravity, percent body mass loss [%BM]), and medical history (eg, previous EHI, medications). Statistical analysis included descriptives (mean ± standard deviation), comparative analyses determined differences within and between days, and linear regression identified variables that significantly explained Tc. Results: Mean rehearsal time = 102.8 ± 19.8 minutes and game time = 260.5 ± 47.7 minutes. Max game Tc (39.1 ± 1.1°C) was significantly higher than rehearsal (38.4 ± 0.7°C, P = .003). The highest max game Tc = 41.2°C. Participants consumed significantly more fluid than their sweat rates (P &lt; .003), which minimized %BM loss, particularly during rehearsals (−0.4 ± 0.6%). Mean game %BM loss = −0.9 ± 2.0%; however, 63.6% of the time, participants reported hypohydrated to game day. Max Tc was significantly predicted by max WBGT, max RH, ground surface, using mental health medications, and hours of sleep (adjusted R2 = 0.542, P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Marching band artists experience high Tc during activity and should have access to athletic trainers who can implement EHI prevention and management strategies.

scholarly journals Thermoregulatory Responses and Hydration Practices in Heat-Acclimatized Adolescents During Preseason High School Football

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Walker Yeargin ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Daniel A. Judelson ◽  
Brendon P. McDermott ◽  
Matthew S. Ganio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
American Football ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Globe Temperature

Abstract Context: Previous researchers have not investigated the thermoregulatory responses to multiple consecutive days of American football in adolescents. Objective: To examine the thermoregulatory and hydration responses of high school players during formal preseason football practices. Design: Observational study. Setting: Players practiced outdoors in late August once per day on days 1 through 5, twice per day on days 6 and 7, and once per day on days 8 through 10. Maximum wet bulb globe temperature averaged 23 ± 4°C. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five heat-acclimatized adolescent boys (age  =  15 ± 1 years, height  =  180 ± 8 cm, mass  =  81.4 ± 15.8 kg, body fat  =  12 ± 5%, Tanner stage  =  4 ± 1). Main Outcome Measure(s): We observed participants within and across preseason practices of football. Measures included gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), urine osmolality, sweat rate, forearm sweat composition, fluid consumption, testosterone to cortisol ratio, perceptual measures of thirst, perceptual measures of thermal sensation, a modified Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire, and knowledge questionnaires assessing the participants' understanding of heat illnesses and hydration. Results were analyzed for differences across time and were compared between younger (14–15 years, n  =  13) and older (16–17 years, n  =  12) participants. Results: Maximum daily TGI values remained less than 40°C and were correlated with maximum wet bulb globe temperature (r  =  0.59, P  =  .009). Average urine osmolality indicated that participants generally experienced minimal to moderate hypohydration before (881 ± 285 mOsmol/kg) and after (856 ± 259 mOsmol/kg) each practice as a result of replacing approximately two-thirds of their sweat losses during exercise but inadequately rehydrating between practices. Age did not affect most variables; however, sweat rate was lower in younger participants (0.6 ± 0.2 L/h) than in older participants (0.8 ± 0.1 L/h) (F1,18  =  8.774, P  =  .008). Conclusions: Previously heat-acclimatized adolescent boys (TGI &lt; 40°C) can safely complete the initial days of preseason football practice in moderate environmental conditions using well-designed practice guidelines. Adolescent boys replaced most sweat lost during practice but remained mildly hypohydrated throughout data collection, indicating inadequate hydration habits when they were not at practice.

scholarly journals Additional Clothing Increases Heat Load in Elite Female Rugby Sevens Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mitchell J. Henderson ◽  
Bryna C.R. Chrismas ◽  
Christopher J. Stevens ◽  
Andrew Novak ◽  
Job Fransen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Compression Garments ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Hot Environments

Purpose: To determine whether elite female rugby sevens players are exposed to core temperatures (Tc) during training in the heat that replicate the temperate match demands previously reported and to investigate whether additional clothing worn during a hot training session meaningfully increases the heat load experienced. Methods: A randomized parallel-group study design was employed, with all players completing the same approximately 70-minute training session (27.5°C–34.8°C wet bulb globe temperature) and wearing a standardized training ensemble (synthetic rugby shorts and training tee [control (CON); n = 8]) or additional clothing (standardized training ensemble plus compression garments and full tracksuit [additional clothing (AC); n = 6]). Groupwise differences in Tc, sweat rate, GPS-measured external locomotive output, rating of perceived exertion, and perceptual thermal load were compared. Results: Mean (P = .006, ) and peak (P < .001, ) Tc were higher in AC compared with CON during the training session. There were no differences in external load (F4,9 = 0.155, P = .956, Wilks Λ = 0.935, ) or sweat rate (P = .054, Cohen d = 1.09). A higher rating of perceived exertion (P = .016, Cohen d = 1.49) was observed in AC compared with CON. No exertional-heat-illness symptomology was reported in either group. Conclusions: Player Tc is similar between training performed in hot environments and match play in temperate conditions when involved for >6 minutes. Additional clothing is a viable and effective method to increase heat strain in female rugby sevens players without compromising training specificity or external locomotive capacity.

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Cooling on Thermophysiological Responses in Elite Eventing Horses

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Klous ◽  
Esther Siegers ◽  
Jan van den Broek ◽  
Mireille Folkerts ◽  
Nicola Gerrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Plasma Lactate Concentration ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Equine Welfare ◽  
Water Rinsing

In this study, we examined the effects of pre-cooling on thermophysiological responses in horses exercising in moderate environmental conditions (average wet bulb globe temperature: 18.5 ± 3.8 °C). Ten international eventing horses performed moderate intensity canter training on two separate days, and were either pre-cooled with cold-water rinsing (5–9 °C for 8 ± 3 min; cooling) or were not pre-cooled (control). We determined velocity (V), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tre,), shoulder and rump skin temperature (Tshoulder and Trump), plasma lactate concentration (LA), gross sweat loss (GSL), and local sweat rate (LSR), as well as sweat sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations. The effect of pre-cooling on Tre was dependent on time; after 20 min of exercise the effect was the largest (estimate: 0.990, 95% likelihood confidence intervals (95% CI): 0.987, 0.993) compared to the control condition, resulting in a lower median Tre of 0.3 °C. Skin temperature was also affected by pre-cooling compared to the control condition (Tshoulder: −3.30 °C, 95% CI: −3.739, −2.867; Trump: −2.31 °C, 95% CI: −2.661, −1.967). V, HR, LA, GSL, LSR and sweat composition were not affected by pre-cooling. In conclusion, pre-cooling by cold-water rinsing could increase the margin for heat storage, allowing a longer exercise time before a critical Tre is reached and, therefore, could potentially improve equine welfare during competition.

scholarly journals Core Body Temperatures in Collegiate Marching Band Artists During Rehearsals and Performances

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Emerson ◽  
Toni Marie Torres-McGehee ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Melani R. Kelly ◽  
Nancy Uriegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Marching Band ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature

Context To our knowledge, no researchers have investigated thermoregulatory responses and exertional heat illness (EHI) risk factors in marching band (MB) artists performing physical activity in high environmental temperatures. Objective To examine core temperature (Tc) and EHI risk factors in MB artists. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Three rehearsals and 2 football games for 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution's MBs. Patients or Other Participants Nineteen volunteers (females = 13, males = 6; age = 20.5 ± 0.9 years, height = 165.1 ± 7.1 cm, mass = 75.0 ± 19.1 kg) completed the study. Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured Tc, wet bulb globe temperature, and relative humidity preactivity, during activity, and postactivity. Other variables were activity time and intensity, body surface area, hydration characteristics (fluid volume, sweat rate, urine specific gravity, percentage of body mass loss), and medical history (eg, previous EHI, medications). The statistical analysis consisted of descriptive information (mean ± standard deviation), comparative analyses that determined differences within days, and correlations that identified variables significantly associated with Tc. Results The mean time for rehearsals was 102.8 ± 19.8 minutes and for games was 260.5 ± 47.7 minutes. Mean maximum Tc was 39.1 ± 1.1°C for games and 38.4 ± 0.7°C for rehearsals; the highest Tc (41.2°C) occurred during a game. Fluid consumption did not match sweat rates (P &lt; .001). Participants reported to games in a hypohydrated state 63.6% of the time. The maximum Tc correlated with the maximum wet bulb globe temperature (r = 0.618, P &lt; .001) and was higher in individuals using mental health medications (rpb = −0.254, P = .022) and females (rpb = 0.330, P = .002). Body surface area (r = −0.449, P &lt; .001) and instrument mass (r = −0.479, P &lt; .001) were negatively correlated with Tc. Conclusions Marching band artists experienced high Tc during activity and should have access to athletic trainers who can implement EHI-prevention and -management strategies.

Normative Data for Sweat Rate and Whole-Body Sodium Concentration in Athletes Indigenous to Tropical Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-271
Author(s):  
Anita M. Rivera-Brown ◽  
José R. Quiñones-González
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Globe Temperature

This study determined normative data for sweat rate (SR) and whole-body (WB) sweat sodium concentration [Na+] in athletes indigenous to a tropical climate, categorized by age, gender, and sport classification. We analyzed data from 556 athletes (386 adult and 170 young) in endurance (END), team/ball (TBA), and combat (COM) sports exercising in tropical environments (wet bulb globe temperature = 29.4 ± 2.1 °C). SR was calculated from change in body weight corrected for urine output and fluid/food intake. Sweat was collected using absorbent patches, and regional [Na+] was determined using an ion selective analyzer and normalized to WB sweat [Na+]. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. SR was higher in males compared with females in both young (24.2 ± 7.7 ml·kg−1·hr−1 vs. 16.7 ± 5.7 ml·kg−1·hr−1) and adult (22.8 ± 7.4 ml·kg−1·hr−1 vs. 18.6 ± 7.0 ml·kg−1·hr−1) athletes, in END sports in girls (END = 19.1 ± 6.0 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 14.6 ± 4.5 ml·kg−1·hr−1), and in adult males (END = 25.2 ± 6.3 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 19.1 ± 7.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1; COM = 18.4 ± 8.5 ml·kg−1·hr−1) and females (END = 23.5 ± 5.6 ml·kg−1·hr−1; TBA = 14.2 ± 5.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1; COM = 15.3 ± 5.2 ml·kg−1·hr−1); p < .05. WB sweat [Na+] was higher in adult athletes than in young athletes (43 ± 10 mmol/L vs. 40 ± 9 mmol/L, p < .05). These norms provide a reference range for low, low average, average high, and high SR and WB sweat [Na+], which serve as a guide for fluid replacement for athletes who live and train in the tropics.

Changes in Hydration Factors Over the Course of Heat Acclimation in Endurance Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Samantha O. Dion ◽  
Ciara N. Manning ◽  
Jeb F. Struder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Ad Libitum

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on thirst levels, sweat rate, and percentage of body mass loss (%BML), and changes in fluid intake factors throughout HA induction. Twenty-eight male endurance athletes (mean ± SD; age, 35 ± 12 years; body mass, 73.0 ± 8.9 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 57.4 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed 60 min of exercise in a euhydrated state at 58.9 ± 2.3% velocity of maximal oxygen consumption in the heat (ambient temperature, 35.0 ± 1.3 °C; relative humidity, 48.0 ± 1.3%) prior to and following HA where thirst levels, sweat rate, and %BML were measured. Then, participants performed 5 days of HA while held at hyperthermia (38.50–39.75 °C) for 60 min with fluid provided ad libitum. Sweat volume, %BML, thirst levels, and fluid intake were measured for each session. Thirst levels were significantly lower following HA (pre, 4 ± 1; post, 3 ± 1, p < .001). Sweat rate (pre, 1.76 ± 0.42 L/hr; post, 2.00 ± 0.60 L/hr, p = .039) and %BML (pre, 2.66 ± 0.53%; post, 2.98 ± 0.83%, p = .049) were significantly greater following HA. During HA, thirst levels decreased (Day 1, 4 ± 1; Day 2, 3 ± 2; Day 3, 3 ± 2; Day 4, 3 ± 1; Day 5, 3 ± 1; p < .001). However, sweat volume (Day 1, 2.34 ± 0.67 L; Day 2, 2.49 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 2.67 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 2.74 ± 0.61 L; Day 5, 2.74 ± 0.91 L; p = .010) and fluid intake (Day 1, 1.20 ± 0.45 L; Day 2, 1.52 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 1.69 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 1.65 ± 0.58 L; Day 5, 1.74 ± 0.51 L; p < .001) increased. In conclusion, thirst levels were lower following HA even though sweat rate and %BML were higher. Thirst levels decreased while sweat volume and fluid intake increased during HA induction. Thus, HA should be one of the factors to consider when planning hydration strategies.

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