scholarly journals Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9491
Author(s):  
André Bonadias Gadelha ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Marcelo Magalhaes Sales ◽  
Thiago dos Santos Rosa ◽  
Marti Flothmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Rank Position ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Linear Regressions

Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women’s cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades.

scholarly journals Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Scheer ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ultra Endurance

Ultra-endurance running is of increasing popularity in the adult population, mainly due to master runners older than 35 years of age. However, youth runners younger than 19 years of age are also competing in ultra-endurance events, and an increase has been observed in distance-limited events, but no data is available on time-limited ultra-endurance events in this age group. This study investigated participation and performance trends in time-limited ultra-endurance races, including multi-day events, in runners younger than 19 years of age. Between the period 1990 and 2018, the most popular events recorded a total of 214 finishes (from 166 unique finishers (UF)) for 6-h events, 247 (212 UF) for 12-h events, and 805 (582 UF) for 24-h events, respectively. The majority of athletes originated from Europe and North America. Only a minority participated in multi-day events. Overall, speed increased with age, but the overall performance speed decreased across calendar years for 6- and 24-h events as participation numbers grew. In summary, in youth ultra-endurance runners, differences were observed regarding participation and performance across the different time-limited events, the age of the athletes and their country of origin

scholarly journals Age and Gender Differences in Performance at Cross Triathlon World Championships

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Romero-Ramos ◽  
Emilio Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael Merino-Marbán ◽  
Daniel Mayorga-Vega ◽  
Robert Podstawski
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction. Cross triathlon is a sport consisting of three segments: swimming, off-road cycling, and running. Our study analyses the differences in performance between genders and changes in performance in selected age categories at the ITU Cross World Championships held between 2011 and 2016. Material and methods. During this period, a total of 1,933 triathletes were analysed (1,472 men and 461 women). Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the impact of sex differences and age-related changes on performance (time, percentage of time, and performance ratio) in swimming, cycling, running, and total race. Results. The age groups with the highest level of participation were persons aged 40-44 and 45-49 years among men and women, respectively. With regards to performance in the different age groups, in men and women, its high level was maintained between 25 and 49 years, and it decreased significantly from the age of 50-54. In men, the best results in cycling and total race time were obtained in the 30-34 age group and in swimming and running in the 40-44 group. Women obtained the best results in running in the 25-29 age group, in cycling in the 30-34 group, and in swimming and total race time in the 35-39 group. Conclusions. The results of the study have confirmed that there is a demand for sports in 40+ age groups. As for performance in the different age groups, it was on a high level between 25 and 49 years and decreased significantly from the age of 50-54 onwards. According to these results, the sports training of these triathletes should be oriented so that they obtain their best results between 30 and 35 years of age.

Maximal intermittent cycling exercise: effects of recovery duration and gender

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 1632-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Billaut ◽  
Magali Giacomoni ◽  
Guy Falgairette
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Recovery Duration ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linear Regressions

This study aimed to evaluate potential gender differences in recovery of power output during repeated all-out cycling exercise. Twenty men and thirteen women performed four series of two sprints (Sp1 and Sp2) of 8 s, separated by 15-, 30-, 60-, and 120-s recovery. Peak power (Ppeak), power at the 8th s, total mechanical work, and time to Ppeak were calculated for each sprint. Ppeak and mechanical work decreased significantly between Sp1 and Sp2 after 15-s recovery in both men (-6.4 and -9.4%, respectively) and women (-7.4 and -6.8%, respectively). Time to Ppeak did not change between recovery durations, but women reached their peak power more slowly than men (on average 5.15 ± 1.2 and 3.8 ± 1.2 s, respectively; P < 0.01). During Sp1 and Sp2, linear regressions from Ppeak to power at the 8th s showed a greater power decrease (%Ppeak) in women compared with men ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, patterns of power output recovery between two consecutive short bouts were similar in men and women, despite lower overall performance and greater fatigability during sprints in women.

scholarly journals Socioemotional and Cognitive Skills: Its Relation to School Performance in Elementary School

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Maria Ferreira de Melo Castro ◽  
José Maurício Haas Bueno ◽  
Evandro Morais Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract Several constructs shown as good predictors of school performance. However, previous studies have focused only on a part of these predictors, making it difficult to understand their interaction to predict school performance. This study verified the associations (correlations), predictions (linear regressions), and relationship dynamics (network analysis) of variables (intelligence, EI, personality, and executive functions) that predict school performance (Portuguese, mathematics, and general) in children and adolescents in the elementary education. In total, 133 students were submitted to instruments to assess the predictive abilities and performance measures included in this study. Regression analyses showed emotional intelligence and abstract reasoning as the main positive predictors of school performance, and the agreeableness/openness trait as a positive predictor of overall performance and mathematics. The results corroborated by centrality indicators estimated through network analyses. This study advances when considering several variables concurrently.

Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon–Comrades Marathon 1921–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
RodrigoLuiz Vancini ◽  
Margarida Gomes ◽  
CaioVictor Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
And Performance

AbstractParticipation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the ‘Comrades Marathon’ (South Africa), during a century (1921−2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90’s. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30−39, 40−49 and 50−59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.

scholarly journals Celebrating 40 Years of Ironman: How the Champions Perform

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Barbosa ◽  
Caio Sousa ◽  
Marcelo Sales ◽  
Rafael Olher ◽  
Samuel Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Ironman Triathlon

We aimed to determine which discipline had the greater performance improvements in the history of Ironman triathlon in Hawaii and also which discipline had the greater influence in overall race time. Data from 1983 to 2018 of the top three women and men of each year who competed in the Ironman World Championship were included. In addition to exploratory data analyses, linear regressions between split times and years of achievement were performed. Further, a stepwise multiple linear regression was applied using total race time as the dependent variable and split times as the independent variables. Both women and men significantly improved their performances from 1983 to 2018 in the Ironman World Championship. Swimming had the largest difference in improvements between men and women (3.0% versus 12.1%, respectively). A negative and significant decrease in each discipline was identified for both women and men, with cycling being the discipline with the greatest reduction. The results from the stepwise multiple regression indicated that cycling was the discipline with the highest influence on overall race time for both sexes. Based on the findings of this study, cycling seems to be the Ironman triathlon discipline that most improved overall race times and is also the discipline with the greatest influence on the overall race time of elite men and women in the Ironman World Championship.

Attitudinal Trajectories in an Online CS1 Class: Demographic and Performance Trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Joyner ◽  
Lily Bernstein ◽  
Maria-Isabelle Dittamo ◽  
Ben Engelman ◽  
Alysha Naran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Trends ◽  
And Performance

Current Status, Design and Performance Trends for the Regenerative Flow Compressors and Pumps

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukarrum Raheel ◽  
Abraham Engeda
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Low Specific Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Regenerative Flow

Regenerative flow compressors and pumps, hereafter called RFC/RFP have found many applications in industry; still they are the most neglected turbomachines in the family of dynamic compressors. The number of publications existing in literature is very small compared to the large number of papers about the centrifugal and axial turbocompressors. This paper gives a detail discussion of fundamentals and working principle of regenerative turbomachines. Regenerative compressors are compared with centrifugal compressors and the importance of regenerative turbomachines in low specific speed range is emphasized. The major findings of available literature on regenerative turbomachine are summarized. The current status, limitations and some of the challenges faced by RFC/RFP are assessed in context of performance improvement. The paper concludes with an overview of ongoing research and future directions to be followed for performance improvement of this neglected class of turbomachines.

Behavior and Performance of Refrigerant Mixture HFC125/HC290 in Heat Pumps

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Fan ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Huifan Zheng ◽  
Xianping Zhang ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Refrigerant Mixture ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Binary Refrigerant

The refrigerant mixtures provide an important direction in selecting new environment-friendly alternative to match the desirable properties with the existing halogenated refrigerants or future use in the new devices, in which, HFCs refrigerants with zero ODP combined with HCs refrigerants with zero ODP and lower GWP are of important value in the fields of application. In the present work, research on HFC125/HC290 (25/75 by mass) binary refrigerant mixture used in heat pumps was carried out, and parameters, factors affecting the performance were investigated, and compared with that of HCFC22 under the same operating conditions. It has been found that the new mixture can improve the actual COP by 2 to 13% and hence it can reduce the energy consumption by 20 to 31.5%. The overall performance has proved that the new refrigerant mixture could be a promising substitute for HCFC22.

scholarly journals Weavers & Warriors? Gender and Online Identity in 1997 and 2007 V1.0

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Ruane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Online Identity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Online Interactions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Active Exploration

In 1997 the Internet was seen by many as a tool for radical reinterpretation of physicality and gender. Cybertheorists predicted we would leave our bodies behind and interact online as disembodied minds, and that the technology would reshape the way we saw ourselves. However, physicality has proved to be an inextricable part of all our interactions. Changing Internet technology has allowed Net users to find a myriad ways to perform and express their gender online. In this paper I consider attitudes to gender on the Net in 1997, when the main concerns were the imbalance between men and women online and whether it was possible or desirable to bring the body into online interactions. In much of the discourse surrounding gender online, a simple binary was assumed to exist. I go on to consider the extent to which those attitudes have changed today. Through my own experience of setting up a women’s community on Livejournal, and my observations of a men’s community set up in response, I conclude that though traditional attitudes to gender have largely translated to the Net and the binary is still the default view, some shifts have occurred. For example, between 1997 and today there seems to have been a fundamental change in perceptions of women’s attitudes to adversarial debate, and an increase in awareness of genders beyond the binary. In addition, experience and preliminary investigation lead me toward a hypothesis that today’s female-identified Net users are engaged in more conscious and active exploration and performance of their gender online than male-identified users are.

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