scholarly journals Correlation between COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Japan and Local Population Density, Temperature, and Absolute Humidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Kodera ◽  
Essam A. Rashed ◽  
Akimasa Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nursing Home Patients ◽  
Higher Temperature

This study analyzed the morbidity and mortality rates of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in different prefectures of Japan. Under the constraint that daily maximum confirmed deaths and daily maximum cases should exceed 4 and 10, respectively, 14 prefectures were included, and cofactors affecting the morbidity and mortality rates were evaluated. In particular, the number of confirmed deaths was assessed, excluding cases of nosocomial infections and nursing home patients. The correlations between the morbidity and mortality rates and population density were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the percentage of elderly population was also found to be non-negligible. Among weather parameters, the maximum temperature and absolute humidity averaged over the duration were found to be in modest correlation with the morbidity and mortality rates. Lower morbidity and mortality rates were observed for higher temperature and absolute humidity. Multivariate linear regression considering these factors showed that the adjusted determination coefficient for the confirmed cases was 0.693 in terms of population density, elderly percentage, and maximum absolute humidity (p-value < 0.01). These findings could be useful for intervention planning during future pandemics, including a potential second COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Influence of Absolute Humidity, Temperature and Population Density on COVID-19 Spread and Decay Durations: Multi-Prefecture Study in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam A. Rashed ◽  
Sachiko Kodera ◽  
Jose Gomez-Tames ◽  
Akimasa Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Intervention Planning ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

This study analyzed the spread and decay durations of the COVID-19 pandemic in different prefectures of Japan. During the pandemic, affordable healthcare was widely available in Japan and the medical system did not suffer a collapse, making accurate comparisons between prefectures possible. For the 16 prefectures included in this study that had daily maximum confirmed cases exceeding ten, the number of daily confirmed cases follow bell-shape or log-normal distribution in most prefectures. A good correlation was observed between the spread and decay durations. However, some exceptions were observed in areas where travelers returned from foreign countries, which were defined as the origins of infection clusters. Excluding these prefectures, the population density was shown to be a major factor, affecting the spread and decay patterns, with R2 = 0.39 (p < 0.05) and 0.42 (p < 0.05), respectively, approximately corresponding to social distancing. The maximum absolute humidity was found to affect the decay duration normalized by the population density (R2 > 0.36, p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the estimated pandemic spread duration, based on the multivariate analysis of maximum absolute humidity, ambient temperature, and population density (adjusted R2 = 0.53, p-value < 0.05), could prove useful for intervention planning during potential future pandemics, including a second COVID-19 outbreak.

Extreme temperatures analysis: A study for Campinas, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Correia ◽  
Ana Maria Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

&lt;p&gt;Extreme events such as heat waves have adverse effects on human health, especially on vulnerable groups, which can lead to deaths, thus they must be faced as a huge threat. Many studies show general mean temperature increase, notably, minimum temperatures. The scope of this work was to assess daily data of a historical series (1890-2018) available on the Instituto Agron&amp;#244;mico de Campinas (IAC), in Campinas, using a suite of indices derived from daily temperature and formulated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and evaluate trends. To compute the extreme indices RClimDex 1.1 was used. The significance test is based on a t &amp;#160;test, with a significance level of 95% (p-value&lt;0,05). Temperature increase is undoubtedly through many indices, especially from 1980, as there is a continuous rise of the temperature. Annual mean maximum temperature rose from 26&amp;#176;C to 29&amp;#176;C, whereas many years consistently have more than 50 days with maximum temperatures as high as 31&amp;#176;C and more than 20% of the days within a year are beyond the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperatures. Annual mean minimum temperature rose from 14&amp;#176;C to 18&amp;#176;C, whereas many years consistently have more than 150 days with minimum temperatures as high as 18&amp;#176;C and more than 30% of the days within a year are beyond the 90th percentile of the daily minimum temperatures. Therefore, results indicate the increase of minimum temperature is greater than the increase of maximum temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;

Forecasting diurnal variations in meteorological parameters for predicting fire behaviour

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Beck ◽  
A. C. F. Trevitt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Julian Date ◽  
Time Of Year

Empirical models for predicting diurnal variations in air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, given daily maximum and minimum values, latitude, and Julian date, have been developed. Solar heating during the daytime is quantitatively depicted using a truncated sine function, and nighttime cooling is characterized by an exponential decay function. Daily wind-speed trends echo diurnal temperature patterns, and relative humidity is modelled as a function of temperature by assuming that absolute humidity remains constant throughout the day. The time of occurrence of daily maxima and minima in temperature and wind speed varies seasonally according to changes in day length. Maximum temperature and wind speed typically occur later in the day than the maximum solar insolation. The magnitude of this lag depends on both time of year and latitude. The models were parameterized for two locations in Australia and observed, and modelled variations in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were used to forecast diurnal trends in fire behaviour. Predicted fire behaviour compared favourably in the two cases considering the very simple modelling approach employed.

One-Year Morbidity and Mortality Rates Associated with Clipping Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khodayar Goshtasbi ◽  
Ronald Sahyouni ◽  
Alice Wang ◽  
Edward Choi ◽  
Gilbert Cadena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
One Year

scholarly journals A birth population-based survey of preterm morbidity and mortality by gestational age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Guo ◽  
Xiaoqiong Li ◽  
Tingting Qi ◽  
Zhaojun Pan ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Hospital Death

Abstract Background Despite 15–17 millions of annual births in China, there is a paucity of information on prevalence and outcome of preterm birth. We characterized the outcome of preterm births and hospitalized preterm infants by gestational age (GA) in Huai’an in 2015, an emerging prefectural region of China. Methods Of 59,245 regional total births, clinical data on 2651 preterm births and 1941 hospitalized preterm neonates were extracted from Huai’an Women and Children’s Hospital (HWCH) and non-HWCH hospitals in 2018–2020. Preterm prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates were characterized and compared by hospital categories and GA spectra. Death risks of preterm births and hospitalized preterm infants in the whole region were analyzed with multivariable Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of extreme, very, moderate, late and total preterm of the regional total births were 0.14, 0.53, 0.72, 3.08 and 4.47%, with GA-specific neonatal mortality rates being 44.4, 15.8, 3.7, 1.5 and 4.3%, respectively. There were 1025 (52.8% of whole region) preterm admissions in HWCH, with significantly lower in-hospital death rate of inborn (33 of 802, 4.1%) than out-born (23 of 223, 10.3%) infants. Compared to non-HWCH, three-fold more neonates in HWCH were under critical care with higher death rate, including most extremely preterm infants. Significantly all-death risks were found for the total preterm births in birth weight <  1000 g, GA < 32 weeks, amniotic fluid contamination, Apgar-5 min < 7, and birth defects. For the hospitalized preterm infants, significantly in-hospital death risks were found in out-born of HWCH, GA < 32 weeks, birth weight <  1000 g, Apgar-5 min < 7, birth defects, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis and ventilation, whereas born in HWCH, antenatal glucocorticoids, cesarean delivery and surfactant use decreased the death risks. Conclusions The integrated data revealed the prevalence, GA-specific morbidity and mortality rate of total preterm births and their hospitalization, demonstrating the efficiency of leading referral center and whole regional perinatal-neonatal network in China. The concept and protocol should be validated in further studies for prevention of preterm birth.

scholarly journals Social media reveal ecoregional variation in how weather influences visitor behavior in U.S. National Park Service units

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Wilkins ◽  
Peter D. Howe ◽  
Jordan W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Weather ◽  
Visitor Behavior ◽  
Park Service ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDaily weather affects total visitation to parks and protected areas, as well as visitors’ experiences. However, it is unknown if and how visitors change their spatial behavior within a park due to daily weather conditions. We investigated the impact of daily maximum temperature and precipitation on summer visitation patterns within 110 U.S. National Park Service units. We connected 489,061 geotagged Flickr photos to daily weather, as well as visitors’ elevation and distance to amenities (i.e., roads, waterbodies, parking areas, and buildings). We compared visitor behavior on cold, average, and hot days, and on days with precipitation compared to days without precipitation, across fourteen ecoregions within the continental U.S. Our results suggest daily weather impacts where visitors go within parks, and the effect of weather differs substantially by ecoregion. In most ecoregions, visitors stayed closer to infrastructure on rainy days. Temperature also affects visitors’ spatial behavior within parks, but there was not a consistent trend across ecoregions. Importantly, parks in some ecoregions contain more microclimates than others, which may allow visitors to adapt to unfavorable conditions. These findings suggest visitors’ spatial behavior in parks may change in the future due to the increasing frequency of hot summer days.

scholarly journals Changing Land Use and Population Density Are Degrading Water Quality in the Lower Mekong Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
Flavia Tromboni ◽  
Thomas E. Dilts ◽  
Sarah E. Null ◽  
Sapana Lohani ◽  
Peng Bun Ngor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Land Use Impacts ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mekong Basin ◽  
Lower Mekong Basin

Establishing reference conditions in rivers is important to understand environmental change and protect ecosystem integrity. Ranked third globally for fish biodiversity, the Mekong River has the world’s largest inland fishery providing livelihoods, food security, and protein to the local population. It is therefore of paramount importance to maintain the water quality and biotic integrity of this ecosystem. We analyzed land use impacts on water quality constituents (TSS, TN, TP, DO, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) in the Lower Mekong Basin. We then used a best-model regression approach with anthropogenic land-use as independent variables and water quality parameters as the dependent variables, to define reference conditions in the absence of human activities (corresponding to the intercept value). From 2000–2017, the population and the percentage of crop, rice, and plantation land cover increased, while there was a decrease in upland forest and flooded forest. Agriculture, urbanization, and population density were associated with decreasing water quality health in the Lower Mekong Basin. In several sites, Thailand and Laos had higher TN, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations compared to reference conditions, while Cambodia had higher TP values than reference conditions, showing water quality degradation. TSS was higher than reference conditions in the dry season in Cambodia, but was lower than reference values in the wet season in Thailand and Laos. This study shows how deforestation from agriculture conversion and increasing urbanization pressure causes water quality decline in the Lower Mekong Basin, and provides a first characterization of reference water quality conditions for the Lower Mekong River and its tributaries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document