scholarly journals Development of Predictive Geoarchaeological Models to Locate and Assess the Preservation Potential of Submerged Prehistoric Sites Using Remote Sensing, Palaeoenvironmental Analysis, and GIS

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4678-4701
Author(s):  
David John Gregory ◽  
Ole Bennike ◽  
Jørn Bo Jensen ◽  
Peter Rasmussen ◽  
Zyad Al-Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
In Situ Preservation ◽  
Preservation Potential ◽  
Great Belt

Using the Mesolithic site of Tudse Hage in the Great Belt of Denmark, this paper proposes a generic stepwise process to create geoarchaeological models that output seamless morphology maps in a GIS. This was achieved using remote sensing databases and the collection of marine geophysical data, above and below the seabed. On the basis of these data, key areas, with sediment sequences representative of the postglacial transgression surfaces, were identified. Core samples were taken for palaeoenvironmental analysis and dating that enabled a reconstruction of the relative sea-level changes. Using this information, palaeogeographic coastline maps of the Kongemose, late Kongemose, Ertebølle, and Neolithic periods in the Tudse Hage area were prepared, and potential hotspots for archaeological sites were proposed. Since their inundation, submerged prehistoric archaeological sites have been, and are, dynamic, with anthropogenic and natural processes affecting their stability and preservation. With the advocation of in situ preservation as a means of managing underwater cultural heritage, predicting where sites have survived these processes, and where they can be found, in advance of subsea development or other anthropogenic exploitation, is essential. Future natural threats to sites preserved in situ were determined through the modelling of seabed currents and sediment erosion.

scholarly journals Underwater Power Tools for In Situ Preservation, Cleaning and Consolidation of Submerged Archaeological Remains

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Emiliano Scalercio ◽  
Francesco Sangiovanni ◽  
Alessandro Gallo ◽  
Loris Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
True Value ◽  
In Situ Preservation ◽  
Power Tools

In situ protection and conservation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage are now considered a primary choice by the scientific community to be preferred, when possible, over the practice of recovery. The conservation of the artefacts within their environmental context is essential in fact for a correct interpretation of archaeological presences and to preserve their true value intact for future generations. However, this is not an easy task because modern technological equipment is necessary to make the work carried out by underwater restorers and archaeologists faster and more efficient. To this end, the paper presents three innovative underwater power tools for the cleaning, conservation, and consolidation activities to be performed in submerged archaeological sites. The first one is an underwater cleaning brush tool for a soft cleaning of the underwater archaeological structures and artefacts; the second one is a multifunctional underwater hammer drill suitable to be used as a corer sampler, chisel, or drill; the last one is an injection tool specifically designed to dispense mortar underwater for consolidation techniques of submerged structures.

scholarly journals SEA LEVEL CHANGES ALONG THE COASTS OF KEA ISLAND AND PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL COASTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D Mourtzas
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Sea Levels

Sea level changes during the Upper Holocene submerged the coasts of Kea in three different phases about 5.50m, 3.90m and 1.50m respectively below the contemporary sea level thus causing sea transgression along the shores of Kea, which varied from 8m to 78m depending on the coastal morphology. These changes caused the alteration of the earlier morphology at coastal archaeological sites of the Island, as the prehistoric settlement of Ayia Irini and Classical period port of Karthaia, as well as, submerged under the sea areas of coastal human activity during antiquity, as the ancient schist quarry at Spathi bay. The study of historical, geomorphological and sedimentological data indicative of previous sea levels allow the paleogeographical reconstruction of the coasts during the period of human activities in these areas.

scholarly journals Documentation of archaeological sites in northern iraq using remote sensing methods

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-5/W7 ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
E. Matoušková ◽  
K. Pavelka ◽  
K. Nováček ◽  
L. Starková
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
West Bohemia ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The University ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods

The MULINEM (The Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia) project is aiming to investigate a Late Sasanian and Islamic urban network in the land of Erbil, historic province of Hidyab (Adiabene) that is located in the northern Iraq. The research of the hierarchical urban network in a defined area belongs to approaches rarely used in the study of the Islamic urbanism. The project focuses on the cluster of urban sites of the 6th–17th centuries A.D. This paper focuses on remote sensing analysis of historical sites with special interest of FORMOSAT-2 data that have been gained through a research announcement: Free FORMOSAT-2 satellite Imagery. Documentation of two archaeological sites (Makhmúr al-Qadima and Kushaf) are introduced. FORMOSAT-2 data results have been compared to historic CORONA satellite data of mentioned historical sites purchased earlier by the University of West Bohemia. Remote sensing methods were completed using in-situ measurements.

scholarly journals 1997–2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR surface in situ and FTIR remote sensing observations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6735-6748 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dils ◽  
J. Cui ◽  
S. Henne ◽  
E. Mahieu ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract. Within the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics of the datasets, inherent to the measurement techniques. Here we have compared two carbon monoxide time series (1997 till 2007) acquired at the high-Alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level), with two well-established measurement techniques, namely in situ surface concentration measurements using Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption technology (NDIR), and ground-based remote sensing measurements using solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The profile information available in the FTIR signal allowed us to extract an independent layer with a top height of 7.18 km above sea level, appropriate for comparison with our in situ measurements. We show that, even if both techniques are able to measure free troposphere CO concentrations, the datasets exhibit marked differences in their overall trends (−3.21 ± 0.03 ppb year−1 for NDIR vs. −0.8 ± 0.4 ppb year−1 for FTIR). Removing measurements that are polluted by uprising boundary layer air has a strong impact on the NDIR trend (now −2.62 ± 0.03 ppb year−1), but its difference with FTIR remains significant. Using the LAGRANTO trajectory model, we show that both measurement techniques are influenced by different source regions and therefore are likely subject to exhibit significant differences in their overall trend behaviour. However the observation that the NDIR-FTIR trend difference is as significant before as after 2001 is at odds with available emission databases which claim a significant Asian CO increase after 2001 only.

scholarly journals Underwater Cultural Heritage and Maritime Archaeology in Croatia: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Radić Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Maritime Environment

Archaeological sites in Croatia's shallow waters are mentioned in written sources from the sixteenth century, and since the eighteenth century they have been used as evidence for the sinking of the Eastern Adriatic coast. It was at the end of the same century that the first Roman shipwreck in Croatian waters was reported. Sponge divers and coral hunters raised archaeological finds from the seabed off the Croatian coast, thus contributing to the creation of many private and monastic collections. Isolated campaigns aimed at protecting underwater cultural heritage began in the 1950s, and by 1970 these efforts became part of a well-organized system. Although the lack of systematic research remains notable, a number of surveys and rescue excavations have enriched our knowledge of ancient seafaring along the Croatian coast and have contributed to the study of the maritime environment. Some well-preserved shipwrecks from classical antiquity and the modern era show excellent potential for thein situprotection and presentation of Croatian underwater cultural heritage.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Preservation Potential of Buried Marine Archaeological Sites

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 838-857
Author(s):  
David Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Geochemical Processes ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Preservation Potential ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments

The preservation potential of sediments from a submerged prehistoric site buried in a full marine environment was assessed using a combination of direct in situ measurements, measurements on extracted sediment cores and laboratory mesocosm experiments. The results show that first and foremost it is paramount to ascertain the state of preservation of the materials in the seabed—in this case wooden artifacts—that are to be preserved in situ. The results suggest that dissolved oxygen and sulfide are good parameters to measure in situ to assess the general oxidizing or reducing nature of the environment. If it is possible to take sediment core samples, it is similarly important to measure dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the core and extract pore water to assess for sulfate content. Sediments should be characterized for particle size, water content (porosity) and organic content. In this way, we show that dissolved oxygen was rapidly depleted in the first few centimeters of sediment, thereafter sulfate reduction dominated the geochemical processes. Coarser sediment types with high porosity and low organic content have lower rates of organic material turnover, indicating better preservation conditions.

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