scholarly journals Geological Heritage of the Anthropocene Epoch—A Conceptual Viewpoint

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Ruban

The growth of interest in the Anthropocene has coincided with the rise of geoheritage research and these ideas seem to be mutually enriching. However, very few previous investigations were devoted to the Anthropocene geoheritage. The conceptual treatment of the geoheritage classification demonstrates that the majority of geoheritage types and forms are relevant to the Anthropocene. From types, the most relevant are the stratigraphical, economical and geomorphological types, which include, for instance, such unique objects as the Anthropocene global stratotype candidate sections, exploited ore deposits and man-made landforms, respectively. Ex-situ forms (such as museum collections) and many in-situ forms (such as quarries and roadcuts) result from the geological-scale activity of humans. The practical importance of the strong Anthropocene–geoheritage relationship is linked to communication of Anthropocene-related knowledge and better research coordination. Importantly, geosites and geopaks themselves manifest human influence on the global geological environment, that is, their establishment among the Anthropocene-related forces.

Author(s):  
Fernando Campelo Pãozinho ◽  
Luiza Corral Martins de Oliveira Ponciano

WAYS FOR GEOCONSERVATION IN THE CHAPADA DAS MESAS NATIONAL PARK: strategies for participatory community inclusion in geotourismCAMINOS PARA LA GEOCONSERVACIÓN EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE LA CHAPADA DE LAS MESAS: estrategias para la inclusión participativa comunitaria en el GeoturismoRESUMOO Patrimônio Geológico está na interseção entre o patrimônio natural e o cultural, sendo formado pelos elementos da Geodiversidade dotados de valores significativos e dispostos em geossítios (in situ) ou em coleções (ex situ). De modo geral, sua disposição espacial pode estar ou não salvaguardada por legislações protetivas, o que, de qualquer forma, não inibe a possibilidade de sofrer impactos negativos de qualquer grau. Sendo assim, verifica-se a oportunidade de mitigação destes impactos negativos por meio do Geoturismo. Para tanto, o planejamento participativo no Geoturismo deve levar em consideração as diferentes características dos atores sociais, incluindo a comunidade local. O objetivo desta pesquisa é evidenciar a relevância de trabalhar atividades relacionadas aos valores culturais e paisagísticos do Patrimônio Geológico como forma estratégica de contemplar a participação comunitária no planejamento do Geoturismo, a fim de atingir maior eficiência nas etapas de valorização, divulgação e monitoramento no Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas. Verificou-se que o uso de metodologias participativas de Design Social dinamizou as atividades junto à comunidade local, tornando-se um canal eficiente para descobrir soluções a partir das percepções de suas experiências e da relação do Patrimônio Geológico com a sua identidade cultural. Estas contribuições facilitaram o entendimento da população local de Carolina-MA que trabalha com atividades associadas ao turismo sobre a relevância e a relação do Patrimônio Geológico com os aspectos culturais da Chapada das Mesas, integrando o Geoturismo como opção complementar à oferta turística da região.Palavras-chave: Geodiversidade; Patrimônio Geológico; Geoturismo; Chapada das Mesas.ABSTRACT The geological heritage is at the intersection between the natural and cultural patrimony, being formed by geodiversity elements endowed with significant values and arranged in geosites (in situ) or in collections (ex situ). In general, their spatial disposition may or may not be safeguarded by protective legislation, which, in any case, does not inhibit the possibility of suffering negative impacts of any degree. Therefore, there is an opportunity to mitigate these negative impacts through geotourism. For this purpose, participatory planning in geotourism should take into account the different characteristics of social actors, including the local community. The objective of this research is to highlight the relevance of working activities related to the cultural and landscape values of geological heritage as a strategic way to contemplate community participation in geotourism planning in order to achieve greater efficiency in the stages of valorization, dissemination and monitoring in the National Park of Chapada das Mesas. It was verified that the use of participative methodologies of Social Design dynamized the activities with the local community, becoming an efficient channel to discover solutions from the perceptions of their experiences and the relation of the geological patrimony with its cultural identity. These contributions facilitated the understanding of the local population of Carolina-MA that works with activities associated with tourism on the relevance and the relation of the geological heritage with the cultural aspects of the Chapada das Mesas, integrating geotourism as a complementary option to the tourist offer of the region.Keywords: Geodiversity; Geological Heritage; Geotourism; Chapada das Mesas.RESUMENEl patrimonio geológico está en la intersección entre el patrimonio natural y el cultural, formado por los elementos de la geodiversidad dotados de valores significativos y dispuestos en geosítios (in situ) o en colecciones (ex situ). En general, su disposición espacial puede estar o no salvaguardada por legislaciones protectivas, lo que, de cualquier forma, no inhibe la posibilidad de sufrir impactos negativos de cualquier grado. Siendo así, se verifica la oportunidad de mitigación de estos impactos negativos por medio del Geoturismo. Para ello, la planificación participativa en el Geoturismo debe tener en cuenta las diferentes características de los actores sociales, incluyendo la comunidad local. El objetivo de esta investigación es evidenciar la relevancia de trabajar actividades relacionadas a los valores culturales y paisajísticos del patrimonio geológico como forma estratégica de contemplar la participación comunitaria en la planificación del Geoturismo, a fin de alcanzar mayor eficiencia en las etapas de valorización, divulgación y monitoreo en el Parque Nacional de la Chapada de las Mesas. Se verificó que el uso de metodologías participativas de Diseño Social dinamizó las actividades junto a la comunidad local, convirtiéndose en un canal eficiente para descubrir soluciones a partir de las percepciones de sus experiencias y de la relación del patrimonio geológico con su identidad cultural. Estas contribuciones facilitaron el entendimiento de la población local de Carolina-MA que trabaja con actividades asociadas al turismo sobre la relevancia y la relación del patrimonio geológico con los aspectos culturales de la Chapada de las Mesas, integrando el Geoturismo como opción complementaria a la oferta turística de la región.Palabras clave: Geodiversidad; Patrimonio Geológico; Geoturismo; Chapada de las Mesas.


2020 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 02018
Author(s):  
Yuliya Glazyrina ◽  
Larisa Zhuzhgova ◽  
Sergey Buzmakov ◽  
Pavel Sannikov

Article presents an overview of palaeogeographical heritage of the Permian Period in the network of protected areas and museums of the Perm Region. Permian Period, received its name after the city of Perm in Russia, includes the so-called “Main Permian Field”. It contains two types of palaeogeorgaphical heritage: marine and terrestrial. The representation of palaeogeographical objects of different types is analysed for the geoheritage of the protected areas in situ. Geoheritage ex situ, in the network of the regional museum collections, is estimated from the representative aspects. Recommendations on optimization of the protected areas network and museum acquisition is given from the point of view of paleo-geographical heritage objects representation.


Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.


Author(s):  
K. Barmak

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.


Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove

The silicides CoSi2 and NiSi2 are both metallic with the fee flourite structure and lattice constants which are close to silicon (1.2% and 0.6% smaller at room temperature respectively) Consequently epitaxial cobalt and nickel disilicide can be grown on silicon. If these layers are formed by ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition (also known as molecular beam epitaxy or MBE) their thickness can be controlled to within a few monolayers. Such ultrathin metal/silicon systems have many potential applications: for example electronic devices based on ballistic transport. They also provide a model system to study the properties of heterointerfaces. In this work we will discuss results obtained using in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In situ TEM is suited to the study of MBE growth for several reasons. It offers high spatial resolution and the ability to penetrate many monolayers of material. This is in contrast to the techniques which are usually employed for in situ measurements in MBE, for example low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), which are both sensitive to only a few monolayers at the surface.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghee Lee ◽  
Daniela M. Piper ◽  
Andrew S. Cavanagh ◽  
Matthias J. Young ◽  
Se-Hee Lee ◽  
...  

<div>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of LiF and lithium ion conducting (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloys was developed using trimethylaluminum, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and hydrogen fluoride derived from HF-pyridine solution. ALD of LiF was studied using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and in situ quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) at reaction temperatures between 125°C and 250°C. A mass gain per cycle of 12 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C and decreased at higher temperatures. QMS detected FSi(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> as a reaction byproduct instead of HMDS at 150°C. LiF ALD showed self-limiting behavior. Ex situ measurements using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) showed a growth rate of 0.5-0.6 Å/cycle, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements.</div><div>ALD of lithium ion conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x alloys was also demonstrated using in situ QCM and in situ QMS at reaction temperatures at 150°C A mass gain per sequence of 22 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C. Ex situ measurements using XRR and SE showed a linear growth rate of 0.9 Å/sequence, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements. Stoichiometry between AlF<sub>3</sub> and LiF by QCM experiment was calculated to 1:2.8. XPS showed LiF film consist of lithium and fluorine. XPS also showed (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)x alloy consists of aluminum, lithium and fluorine. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities were both below the detection limit of XPS. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) observed that LiF and (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film have crystalline structures. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ionic chromatography revealed atomic ratio of Li:F=1:1.1 and Al:Li:F=1:2.7: 5.4 for (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film. These atomic ratios were consistent with the calculation from QCM experiments. Finally, lithium ion conductivity (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film was measured as σ = 7.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S/cm.</div>


Author(s):  
Hyoung H. Kang ◽  
Michael A. Gribelyuk ◽  
Oliver D. Patterson ◽  
Steven B. Herschbein ◽  
Corey Senowitz

Abstract Cross-sectional style transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation techniques by DualBeam (SEM/FIB) systems are widely used in both laboratory and manufacturing lines with either in-situ or ex-situ lift out methods. By contrast, however, the plan view TEM sample has only been prepared in the laboratory environment, and only after breaking the wafer. This paper introduces a novel methodology for in-line, plan view TEM sample preparation at the 300mm wafer level that does not require breaking the wafer. It also presents the benefit of the technique on electrically short defects. The methodology of thin lamella TEM sample preparation for plan view work in two different tool configurations is also presented. The detailed procedure of thin lamella sample preparation is also described. In-line, full wafer plan view (S)TEM provides a quick turn around solution for defect analysis in the manufacturing line.


2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mendoza-Maya ◽  
Judith Espino-Espino ◽  
Carmen Z. Quiñones-Pérez ◽  
Celestino Flores-López ◽  
Christian Wehenkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Picea mexicana Martínez, P. chihuahuana Martínez y P. martinezii Patterson son especies endémicas de México en peligro de extinción. Se presenta una síntesis de su situación actual y una propuesta de manejo para su conservación in situ y ex situ, con base en la diversidad y estructura genética de las poblaciones y la ubicación de las áreas en donde se predice existirá el hábitat climático que les es propicio en el futuro (años 2030, 2060 y 2090; al promediar los modelos Canadiense, Hadley y Geofísica de Fluidos con escenarios de emisiones A y B). Para la conservación in situ se plantea la protección, el incremento de la diversidad genética y la expansión de las tres únicas poblaciones de P. mexicana, las cuatro únicas de P. martinezii y ocho poblaciones designadas prioritarias de las 40 poblaciones de P. chihuahuana, mediante la plantación de individuos originados de otras poblaciones hasta alcanzar un tamaño mínimo de población genéticamente viable (entre 1035 a 3836 individuos). Para la conservación ex situ se propone el establecimiento de poblaciones en sitios fuera del rango de distribución natural de las especies, en donde se ha proyectado que ocurrirá el clima que les es propicio, con al menos 3606 individuos de P. mexicana en el volcán Cofre de Perote, Veracruz; 2431 individuos de P. chihuahuana en el municipio de Guanaceví, Durango; y 3092 individuos de P. martinezii en la región de Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla, con plantas originadas de una mezcla de semillas colectadas de árboles al azar de poblaciones específicas.


Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongchuang Chen ◽  
Haifeng Xiao ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Jianjun Li

In this work, hot compression experiments of 300M steel were performed at 900–1150 °C and 0.01–10 s−1. The relation of flow stress and microstructure evolution was analyzed. The intriguing finding was that at a lower strain rate (0.01 s−1), the flow stress curves were single-peaked, while at a higher strain rate (10 s−1), no peak occurred. Metallographic observation results revealed the phenomenon was because dynamic recrystallization was more complete at a lower strain rate. In situ compression tests were carried out to compare with the results by ex situ compression tests. Hot working maps representing the influences of strains, strain rates, and temperatures were established. It was found that the power dissipation coefficient was not only related to the recrystallized grain size but was also related to the volume fraction of recrystallized grains. The optimal hot working parameters were suggested. This work provides comprehensive understanding of the hot workability of 300M steel in thermal compression.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 101030
Author(s):  
Kitirote Wantala ◽  
Totsaporn Suwannaruang ◽  
Janthip Palalerd ◽  
Prae Chirawatkul ◽  
Narong Chanlek ◽  
...  

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