scholarly journals The Behavior of the Maize B Chromosome and Centromere

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Handong Su ◽  
Yalin Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
James Birchler ◽  
Fangpu Han
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism

The maize B chromosome is a non-essential chromosome with an accumulation mechanism. The dispensable nature of the B chromosome facilitates many types of genetic studies in maize. Maize lines with B chromosomes have been widely used in studies of centromere functions. Here, we discuss the maize B chromosome alongside the latest progress of B centromere activities, including centromere misdivision, inactivation, reactivation, and de novo centromere formation. The meiotic features of the B centromere, related to mini-chromosomes and the control of the size of the maize centromere, are also discussed.

The dynamics of B chromosomes in populations of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Gregg ◽  
G. C. Webb ◽  
M. A. Adena
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism ◽  
Males And Females

The B chromosomes of Chortoicetes terminifera possess an accumulation mechanism. B chromosomes were transmitted at a rate of 0.766 in one B(♂) × zero B(♀) crosses and 0.477 in zero B(♂) one × B(♀) crosses. In crosses where the female had a B chromosome, there were significant differences in transmission rates between pods, but these were not related to differences in G-banding patterns of the B chromosomes involved. In crosses where either the male or female parent had two B chromosomes the B chromosomes did not segregate perfectly, nor did they segregate in a random fashion. The closest resemblance to the behaviour of normal bivalents occurred when the two B chromosomes were of the same, rather than different, G-banding variants, and when they were present in the male rather than the female parent. B chromosomes occurred at eight localities scattered throughout New South Wales. No locality was found where they were not present. The average frequency of B chromosomes was 14.0% for one-B individuals and 0.8% for two-B individuals. There were no significant differences in B-chromosome frequency between males and females. Of the eight localities, only one had a B-chromosome frequency significantly different from any other locality. This relatively uniformity of B-chromosome distribution is interpreted as a consequence of the migratory nature of C. terminifera. A model was constructed to simulate the dynamics of B chromosomes in locust populations. Three main dynamic patterns were recognized, and these were related to differences in the fitness of one-B and two-B individuals. It was concluded that the B chromosome of C. terminifera is probably parasitic, although the simulation model revealed some difficulties which suggest that caution should be applied to the description of any B chromosome as purely parasitic.Key words: B chromosomes, locust, meiotic drive, G-banding, fitness. Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker).

scholarly journals De novo centromere formation on chromosome fragments with an inactive centromere in maize (Zea mays)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Douglas ◽  
Hua Yang ◽  
Bing Zhang ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Fangpu Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Centromere Region ◽  
Pollen Mitosis ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism ◽  
Chromosome Fragments ◽  
Breakpoint Determination ◽  
Second Pollen Mitosis

AbstractThe B chromosome of maize undergoes nondisjunction at the second pollen mitosis as part of its accumulation mechanism. Previous work identified 9-Bic-1 (9-B inactivated centromere-1), which comprises an epigenetically silenced B chromosome centromere that was translocated to the short arm of chromosome 9(9S). This chromosome is stable in isolation, but when normal B chromosomes are added to the genotype, it will attempt to undergo nondisjunction during the second pollen mitosis and usually fractures the chromosome in 9S. These broken chromosomes allow a test of whether the inactive centromere is reactivated or whether a de novo centromere is formed elsewhere on the chromosome to allow recovery of fragments. Breakpoint determination on the B chromosome and chromosome 9 showed that mini chromosome B1104 has the same breakpoint as 9-Bic-1 in the B centromere region and includes a portion of 9S. CENH3 binding was found on the B centromere region and on 9S, suggesting both centromere reactivation and de novo centromere formation. Another mini chromosome, B496, showed evidence of rearrangement, but it also only showed evidence for a de novo centromere. Other mini chromosome fragments recovered were directly derived from the B chromosome with breakpoints concentrated near the centromeric knob region, which suggests that the B chromosome is broken at a low frequency due to the failure of the sister chromatids to separate at the second pollen mitosis. Our results indicate that both reactivation and de novo centromere formation could occur on fragments derived from the progenitor possessing an inactive centromere.

B chromosomes of the grasshopper Heteracris littoralis: meiotic behaviour and endophenotypic effects in both sexes

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Cano ◽  
J. L. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Female Meiosis ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism ◽  
Cell Variance ◽  
High Level

A main type of a large supernumerary B chromosome has been found in several natural populations of the grasshopper Heteracris littoralis. A study on the geographical distribution of the polymorphism and the meiotic behavior of Bs in both sexes has been carried out with special reference to their effect on two endophenotypic parameters: recombination level and macrospermatid production. Male B bivalents are characterized by a high level of pairing and a strict proximal localization of chiasmata. In the females the B chromosome always divides reductionally at anaphase I indicating the possible existence of an accumulation mechanism based on meiotic drive. There is no effect of Bs on either mean chiasma frequency or between-cell variance in either of the sexes. However, in males a positive correlation between the number of Bs and production of abnormal spermatids (macrospermatids) was found.Key words: B chromosomes, chiasma frequency, female meiosis.

scholarly journals Evolutionary success of a parasitic B chromosome rests on gene content

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ruiz-Ruano ◽  
Beatriz Navarro-Domínguez ◽  
María Dolores López-León ◽  
Josefa Cabrero ◽  
Juan Pedro M. Camacho
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Anaphase Promoting Complex ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Success

AbstractSupernumerary (B) chromosomes are dispensable genomic elements found in most kinds of eukaryotic genomes. Many show drive mechanisms that give them an advantage in transmission, but how they achieve it remains a mystery. The recent finding of protein-coding genes in B chromosomes has opened the possibility that their evolutionary success is based on their genetic content. Using a protocol based on mapping genomic DNA Illumina reads from B-carrying and B-lacking individuals on the coding sequences of de novo transcriptomes from the same individuals, we identified 25 protein-coding genes in the B chromosome of the migratory locust, 15 of which showed a full coding region. Remarkably, one of these genes (apc1) codes for the large subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the metaphase-anaphase transition. Sequence comparison of A and B chromosome gene paralogs showed that the latter show B-specific nucleotide changes, neither of which putatively impairs protein function. These nucleotide signatures allowed identifying B-derived transcripts in B-carrying transcriptomes, and demonstrated that they show about similar frequency as A-derived ones. Since B-carrying individuals show higher amounts of apc1 transcripts than B-lacking ones, the putatively higher amount of APC1 protein might induce a faster metaphase-anaphase transition in spite of orientation of the two B chromosome chromatids towards the same pole during metaphase, thus facilitating B chromosome non-disjunction. Therefore, apc1 is the first protein-coding gene uncovered in a B chromosome that might be responsible for B chromosome drive.Significance StatementThe genome of the migratory locust harbors a parasitic chromosome that arose about 2 million years ago. It is widespread in natural populations from Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe, i.e. all continents where this species lives. The secret for such an extraordinary evolutionary success is unveiled in this report, as B chromosomes in this species contain active protein-coding genes whose transcripts might interfere with gene expression in the host genome (the A chromosomes), thus facilitating B chromosome mitotic and meiotic drive to provide the transmission advantage which grants its success. One of the B-chromosomal genes (apc1) codes for the large subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) whose expression might provide a mechanistic explanation for B chromosome drive.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of SNP Discovery and Genotyping in Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. Using RADseq, GBS, and ddRAD Methods

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Bartosz Ulaszewski ◽  
Joanna Meger ◽  
Jaroslaw Burczyk
Keyword(s):  
Population Genomics ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genomic Libraries ◽  
Reduced Representation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Broadleaved Tree Species ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Reference Genomes ◽  
Future Population

Next-generation sequencing of reduced representation genomic libraries (RRL) is capable of providing large numbers of genetic markers for population genetic studies at relatively low costs. However, one major concern of these types of markers is the precision of genotyping, which is related to the common problem of missing data, which appears to be particularly important in association and genomic selection studies. We evaluated three RRL approaches (GBS, RADseq, ddRAD) and different SNP identification methods (de novo or based on a reference genome) to find the best solutions for future population genomics studies in two economically and ecologically important broadleaved tree species, namely F. sylvatica and Q. robur. We found that the use of ddRAD method coupled with SNP calling based on reference genomes provided the largest numbers of markers (28 k and 36 k for beech and oak, respectively), given standard filtering criteria. Using technical replicates of samples, we demonstrated that more than 80% of SNP loci should be considered as reliable markers in GBS and ddRAD, but not in RADseq data. According to the reference genomes’ annotations, more than 30% of the identified ddRAD loci appeared to be related to genes. Our findings provide a solid support for using ddRAD-based SNPs for future population genomics studies in beech and oak.

scholarly journals Repetitive DNA landscape in essential A and supernumerary B chromosomes of Festuca pratensis Huds

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahman Ebrahimzadegan ◽  
Andreas Houben ◽  
Ghader Mirzaghaderi
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposons ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Satellite Repeats ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Illumina Sequence

AbstractHere, we characterized the basic properties of repetitive sequences in essential A and supernumerary B chromosomes of Festuca pratensis Huds. This was performed by comparative analysis of low-pass Illumina sequence reads of B chromosome lacking (−B) and B chromosome containing (+B) individuals of F. pratensis. 61% of the nuclear genome is composed of repetitive sequences. 43.1% of the genome are transposons of which DNA transposons and retrotransposons made up 2.3% and 40.8%, respectively. LTR retrotransposons are the most abundant mobile elements and contribute to 40.7% of the genome and divided into Ty3-gypsy and Ty1-copia super families with 32.97% and 7.78% of the genome, respectively. Eighteen different satellite repeats were identified making up 3.9% of the genome. Five satellite repeats were used as cytological markers for chromosome identification and genome analysis in the genus Festuca. Four satellite repeats were identified on B chromosomes among which Fp-Sat48 and Fp-Sat253 were specific to the B chromosome of F. pratensis.

scholarly journals Spatial organization of fibroblast and spermatocyte nuclei with different B-chromosome content in Korean field mouse, Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia, Muridae)

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 815-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Karamysheva ◽  
Anna A. Torgasheva ◽  
Yaroslav R. Yefremov ◽  
Anton G. Bogomolov ◽  
Thomas Liehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Field Mouse ◽  
Apodemus Peninsulae ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Korean Field Mouse

Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) shows a wide variation in the number of B chromosomes composed of constitutive heterochromatin. For this reason, it provides a good model to study the influence of the number of centromeres and amount of heterochromatin on spatial organization of interphase nuclei. We analyzed the three-dimensional organization of fibroblast and spermatocyte nuclei of the field mice carrying a different number of B chromosomes using laser scanning microscopy and 3D fluorescence in situ hybridization. We detected a co-localization of the B chromosomes with constitutive heterochromatin of the chromosomes of the basic set. We showed a non-random distribution of B chromosomes in the spermatocyte nuclei. Unpaired B chromosomes showed a tendency to occur in the compartment formed by the unpaired part of the XY bivalent.

scholarly journals De Novo Evolution of Satellite DNA on the Rye B Chromosome

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 869-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Langdon ◽  
Charlotte Seago ◽  
R Neil Jones ◽  
Helen Ougham ◽  
Howard Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Heterochromatic Region ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Transient Stage ◽  
Sequence Elements ◽  
Complex Sequences ◽  
Strand Annealing ◽  
Single Sequence ◽  
Specific Sequences

Abstract The most distinctive region of the rye B chromosome is a subtelomeric domain that contains an exceptional concentration of B-chromosome-specific sequences. At metaphase this domain appears to be the physical counterpart of the subtelomeric heterochromatic regions present on standard rye chromosomes, but its conformation at interphase is less condensed. In this report we show that the two sequence families that have been previously found to make up the bulk of the domain have been assembled from fragments of a variety of sequence elements, giving rise to their ostensibly foreign origin. A single mechanism, probably based on synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA), is responsible for their assembly. We provide evidence for sequential evolution of one family on the B chromosome itself. The extent of these rearrangements and the complexity of the higher-order organization of the B-chromosome-specific families indicate that instability is a property of the domain itself, rather than of any single sequence. Indirect evidence suggests that particular fragments may have been selected to confer different properties on the domain and that rearrangements are frequently selected for their effect on DNA structure. The current organization appears to represent a transient stage in the evolution of a conventional heterochromatic region from complex sequences.

scholarly journals B Chromosomes in Populations of Mammals Revisited

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Vujošević ◽  
Marija Rajičić ◽  
Jelena Blagojević
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
General View ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Host Parasite

The study of B chromosomes (Bs) started more than a century ago, while their presence in mammals dates since 1965. As the past two decades have seen huge progress in application of molecular techniques, we decided to throw a glance on new data on Bs in mammals and to review them. We listed 85 mammals with Bs that make 1.94% of karyotypically studied species. Contrary to general view, a typical B chromosome in mammals appears both as sub- or metacentric that is the same size as small chromosomes of standard complement. Both karyotypically stable and unstable species possess Bs. The presence of Bs in certain species influences the cell division, the degree of recombination, the development, a number of quantitative characteristics, the host-parasite interactions and their behaviour. There is at least some data on molecular structure of Bs recorded in nearly a quarter of species. Nevertheless, a more detailed molecular composition of Bs presently known for six mammalian species, confirms the presence of protein coding genes, and the transcriptional activity for some of them. Therefore, the idea that Bs are inert is outdated, but the role of Bs is yet to be determined. The maintenance of Bs is obviously not the same for all species, so the current models must be adapted while bearing in mind that Bs are not inactive as it was once thought.

scholarly journals Centromere Function and Nondisjunction Are Independent Components of the Maize B Chromosome Accumulation Mechanism

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 524-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangpu Han ◽  
Jonathan C. Lamb ◽  
Weichang Yu ◽  
Zhi Gao ◽  
James A. Birchler
Keyword(s):  
B Chromosome ◽  
Independent Components ◽  
Centromere Function ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism
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