scholarly journals Genomic Structure of the Porcine CYP19 Locus and Expression of the CYP19A3 Paralog

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Jens Vanselow ◽  
Alan J. Conley ◽  
Cynthia J. Corbin ◽  
Trish Berger
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Structure ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Specific Regulation

Proper, tissue-specific regulation of CYP19, the gene encoding aromatase, the key enzyme of estrogen synthesis, is essential for reproductive processes. Here, we analyzed transcriptional regulation of the porcine CYP19 in female and male gonads and brain by 5’RACE and RT-PCR and comprehensively mapped the pig CYP19 locus by in silico analysis. Our data revealed that the complete locus, including three paralogous copies, CYP19A1, CYP19A2 and CYP19A3, spans approximately 330 kb of the porcine chromosome 1. The locus also harbors the first exon of the Gliomedin gene (GLDN) in reverse orientation. Only transcripts of the CYP19A3 paralog were substantially expressed in gonads and hypothalamus. We identified CYP19A3-associated untranslated exons approximately 160 kb and 50 kb distal from the first codon. The 5´ untranslated regions of transcripts were derived from either a proximal or from one of these distal untranslated exons. Transcripts including only untranslated exons could be amplified from testis, thus suggesting long non-coding transcripts. The data revealed an additional layer of complexity in the regulation of the porcine CYP19 locus. Tissue-specific expression is not only achieved by tissue- and stage-specific expression of the three different CYP19 paralogs, but also by directing the expression of CYP19A3 from different, proximal and distal promoter regions.

Calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide transcription unit: tissue-specific expression involves selective use of alternative polyadenylation sites

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 2151-2160
Author(s):  
S G Amara ◽  
R M Evans ◽  
M G Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Polyadenylation Sites ◽  
Specific Regulation

Different 3' coding exons in the rat calcitonin gene are used to generate distinct mRNAs encoding either the hormone calcitonin in thyroidal C-cells or a new neuropeptide referred to as calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal tissue, indicating the RNA processing regulation is one strategy used in tissue-specific regulation of gene expression in the brain. Although the two mRNAs use the same transcriptional initiation site and have identical 5' terminal sequences, their 3' termini are distinct. The polyadenylation sites for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs are located at the end of the exons 4 and 6, respectively. Termination of transcription after the calcitonin exon does not dictate the production of calcitonin mRNA, because transcription proceeds through both calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide exons irrespective of which mRNA is ultimately produced. In isolated nuclei, both polyadenylation sites appear to be utilized; however, the proximal (calcitonin) site is preferentially used in nuclei from tissues producing calcitonin mRNA. These data suggest that the mechanism dictating production of each mRNA involves the selective use of alternative polyadenylation sites.

Tissue-specific expression of the rat insulin 1 gene in vivo requires both the enhancer and promoter regions

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Dandoy-Dron ◽  
Jean-Michel Itier ◽  
Eliane Monthioux ◽  
Danielle Bucchini ◽  
Jacques Jami
Keyword(s):  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Specific Expression

scholarly journals Tissue-specific regulation of the expression of rat kallikrein gene family members by thyroid hormone

1990 ◽  
Vol 267 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Clements ◽  
B A Matheson ◽  
J E Funder
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Specific Regulation

We have altered the thyroid hormonal status of both male and female rats and examined the expression of six functional members of the rat kallikrein gene family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1 and P1) in the submandibular gland (SMG), kidney, prostate, testis and anterior pituitary gland (AP) of these animals. On Northern-blot analysis with gene-specific oligonucleotide probes, the steady-state mRNA levels of S1, S2, S3, K1 and P1 were all dramatically altered in the SMG of male and female rats treated with propylthiouracil (PTU; 100 mg/litre of drinking water) or thyroxine (T4; 10 micrograms/100 mg body wt.) for 3 weeks. The SMG mRNA levels of these five genes were all lowered (30-90%) in hypothyroid (PTU-treated) male and female rats and elevated (1.4-4-fold, male; 1.5-11-fold, female) in the hyperthyroid (T4-treated) and PTU/T4-treated animals. In contrast, PS (true kallikrein) mRNA levels in the male or female SMG or kidney were essentially unchanged. K1 mRNA levels in the kidney were considerably less responsive to thyroid status than those in the SMG. Changes in S3 and P1 mRNA levels in the prostate were also variable, but essentially unaffected by these treatments. AP PS mRNA levels were also unaffected by changes in thyroid-hormonal status, as were levels of a novel P1-like mRNA in the testis. In summary, these studies demonstrate that the same kallikrein gene family member(s) may be differentially regulated by thyroid hormones in the rat SMG, kidney, prostate and pituitary, and thus further extend the concept of tissue-specific expression and hormonal regulation of the kallikrein gene family in the rat.

Differential expression of the closely linked KISS1, REN, and FLJ10761 genes in transgenic mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Nistala ◽  
Xiaoji Zhang ◽  
Curt D. Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Artificial Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Specific Expression ◽  
Human Chromosome 1

We previously reported the development and characterization of transgenic mice containing a large 160-kb P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) encompassing the renin (REN) locus from human chromosome 1. Here we demonstrate that PAC160 not only encodes REN, but also complete copies of the next upstream (KISS1) and downstream ( FLJ10761 ) gene along human chromosome 1. Incomplete copies of the second upstream (PEPP3) and downstream (SOX13) genes are also present. The gene order PEPP3-KISS1-REN-FLJ10761-SOX13 is conserved in mice containing either one or two copies of the REN locus. Despite the close localization of KISS1, REN, and FLJ10761 , they each exhibit distinct, yet overlapping tissue-specific expression profiles in humans. The tissue-specific expression patterns of REN and FLJ10761 were retained in transgenic mice containing PAC160. Expression of REN and FLJ10761 were also proportional to copy number. Expression of KISS1 in PAC160 mice showed both similarities and differences to humans. These data suggest that expression of gene blocks encoded on large genomic clones are retained when the clones are used to generate transgenic mice. Genomic elements which act to insulate genes from their neighbors are also apparently retained.

scholarly journals Disease-Specific Expression of Host Genes During Downy Mildew Infection of Arabidopsis

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin P. Huibers ◽  
Mark de Jong ◽  
René W. Dekter ◽  
Guido Van den Ackerveken
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Responsive Element ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

Here, we report on the identification of Arabidopsis genes that are induced during compatible but not during incompatible interactions with the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. This set of so-called compatible specific (CS) genes contrasts with the large group of defense-associated genes that is differentially expressed during both compatible and incompatible interactions. From the 17 identified CS genes, 6 belong to the ethylene response factor (ERF) family of transcription factor genes, suggesting that these ERF have a role during compatibility. The majority of CS genes are differentially regulated in response to various forms of abiotic stress. In silico analysis of the CS genes revealed an over-representation of dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat binding factor (DREB1A/CBF3) binding sites and EveningElement motifs in their promoter regions. The CS-ERF are closely related to the CBF transcription factors and could potentially bind the DREB1A/CBF3 promoter elements in the CS genes. Transcript levels of CS genes peak at 2 to 3 days postinoculation, when pathogen growth is highest, and decline at later stages of infection. The induction of several CS genes was found to be isolate specific. This suggests that the identified CS genes could be the direct or indirect targets of downy mildew effector proteins that promote disease susceptibility.

CpG islands in genes showing tissue-specific expression

1990 ◽  
Vol 326 (1235) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cpg Islands ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Single Cell Type

Patterns of DNA methylation at GpG dinucleotides and their relations with gene expression are complex. Methylation-free CpG clusters, so-called HTF islands, are most often associated with the promoter regions of housekeeping genes, whereas genes expressed in a single-cell type are usually deficient in these sequences. However, in the human carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family, both the ubiquitously expressed CAII and the muscle specific CAIII appear to have such CpG islands although erythrocyte-specific CAI does not. The CAII island is quantitatively more CpG rich than that of CAIII, with a CpG :GpC ratio of 0.94 compared with 0.82 for CAIII. Estimation of CpG:GpC ratios in the proximal-promoter regions of 44 vertebrate genes suggest that 40% of genes with tissue-specific or limited tissue distribution may show methylation-free CpG clusters in their promoter regions. In many cases the CpG:GpC ratio is less than that found in housekeeping genes and this may reflect variation in the interaction of CpG clusters with regulatory factors that define different patterns of tissue expression.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Expression of a Rat Renin Transcript Lacking the Coding Sequence for the Prefragment and Its Stimulation by Myocardial Infarction*

Endocrinology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 2963-2970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Clausmeyer ◽  
Alexander Reinecke ◽  
Raphaela Farrenkopf ◽  
Thomas Unger ◽  
Jörg Peters
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Alternative Transcript ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Specific Regulation

An alternative transcript of the rat renin gene was recently characterized in the adrenal gland, in addition to the known messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for preprorenin. In the alternative transcript, exon 1 is replaced by exon 1A, a domain originating in intron 1. The reading frame of this mRNA, termed exon 1A-renin transcript, codes for a truncated prorenin that presumably remains intracellular, in contrast to preprorenin, which is targeted to the secretory pathway by its prefragment. We here demonstrate the tissue-specific regulation of expression of both transcripts by RT and PCR. In many tissues both transcripts are present, for example in the adrenal gland, spleen, liver, and hypothalamus. In some organs, however, only one of the renin mRNAs is found. In the kidney only the full-length mRNA coding for preprorenin is detected. In the heart exclusively the exon 1A-mRNA is expressed, but not the preprorenin transcript. After myocardial infarction, which is known to activate the intracardiac renin-angiotensin system, expression of exon 1A-renin mRNA in the left ventricle was stimulated about 4-fold, compared with that in sham-operated animals, whereas no mRNA corresponding to preprorenin was detectable. These findings may have implications for the current concepts of local extrarenal renin-angiotensin systems, as they provide the molecular basis for a possible intracellular function of renin and exclude a role for locally produced secretory renin in the heart.

scholarly journals Calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide transcription unit: tissue-specific expression involves selective use of alternative polyadenylation sites.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 2151-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Amara ◽  
R M Evans ◽  
M G Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Polyadenylation Sites ◽  
Specific Regulation

Different 3' coding exons in the rat calcitonin gene are used to generate distinct mRNAs encoding either the hormone calcitonin in thyroidal C-cells or a new neuropeptide referred to as calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal tissue, indicating the RNA processing regulation is one strategy used in tissue-specific regulation of gene expression in the brain. Although the two mRNAs use the same transcriptional initiation site and have identical 5' terminal sequences, their 3' termini are distinct. The polyadenylation sites for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs are located at the end of the exons 4 and 6, respectively. Termination of transcription after the calcitonin exon does not dictate the production of calcitonin mRNA, because transcription proceeds through both calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide exons irrespective of which mRNA is ultimately produced. In isolated nuclei, both polyadenylation sites appear to be utilized; however, the proximal (calcitonin) site is preferentially used in nuclei from tissues producing calcitonin mRNA. These data suggest that the mechanism dictating production of each mRNA involves the selective use of alternative polyadenylation sites.

scholarly journals Sequences required for paramutation of the maize b gene map to a region containing the promoter and upstream sequences.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 1389-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
G I Patterson ◽  
K M Kubo ◽  
T Shroyer ◽  
V L Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Gene Map ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Specific Regulation

Abstract The b gene encodes a transcriptional regulator of the maize anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Certain b alleles participate in paramutation, an allele-specific interaction that heritably alters transcription. The moderately transcribed B' allele heritably reduces the transcription of the highly transcribed B-I allele in a B'/B-I heterozygote, such that the B-I allele becomes B'. To identify the cis-acting sequences required for paramutation, we used B' or B-I alleles to isolate intragenic recombinants with B-Peru, an allele that is insensitive to paramutation and has distinct tissue-specific regulation. Physical mapping of the recombinant alleles showed that most of the crossovers were in a small region near the 5' end of the b-transcribed region. Analysis of the recombinant alleles revealed that the ability to cause and respond to paramutation and the control of tissue-specific expression both localize to the 5' region of the gene. The 3' boundary of these functions lies just upstream of the translation initiation codon. The 5' boundary has been estimated to be no more than 0.1 cM further upstream (1-150 kb). Thus, sequences critical for paramutation lie upstream of the b coding sequences and may include transcriptional regulatory sequences.

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