scholarly journals Differential Gene Expression with an Emphasis on Floral Organ Size Differences in Natural and Synthetic Polyploids of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Landis ◽  
Amelda Kurti ◽  
Amber J. Lawhorn ◽  
Amy Litt ◽  
Elizabeth W. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Cell Width ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Floral Organ Size ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Floral organ size, especially the size of the corolla, plays an important role in plant reproduction by facilitating pollination efficiency. Previous studies have outlined a hypothesized organ size pathway. However, the expression and function of many of the genes in the pathway have only been investigated in model diploid species; therefore, it is unknown how these genes interact in polyploid species. Although correlations between ploidy and cell size have been shown in many systems, it is unclear whether there is a difference in cell size between naturally occurring and synthetic polyploids. To address these questions comparing floral organ size and cell size across ploidy, we use natural and synthetic polyploids of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) as well as their known diploid progenitors. We employ a comparative transcriptomics approach to perform analyses of differential gene expression, focusing on candidate genes that may be involved in floral organ size, both across developmental stages and across accessions. We see differential expression of several known floral organ candidate genes including ARF2, BIG BROTHER, and GASA/GAST1. Results from linear models show that ploidy, cell width, and cell number positively influence corolla tube circumference; however, the effect of cell width varies by ploidy, and diploids have a significantly steeper slope than both natural and synthetic polyploids. These results demonstrate that polyploids have wider cells and that polyploidy significantly increases corolla tube circumference.

scholarly journals MicroRNA 157-targeted SPL genes regulate floral organ size and ovule production in cotton

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Liu ◽  
Lili Tu ◽  
Lichen Wang ◽  
Haiyan Hu ◽  
Jiao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Spl Genes ◽  
Ovule Production ◽  
Floral Organ Size

scholarly journals Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte N. Miller ◽  
Jack Dumenil ◽  
Fu Hao Lu ◽  
Caroline Smith ◽  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Over Expression

Abstract Background The same species of plant can exhibit very diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. Results We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin responses during petal development. Conclusions Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis accessions that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin responses and cell size during petal growth.

scholarly journals Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte N. Miller ◽  
Jack Dumenil ◽  
Fu Hao Lu ◽  
Caroline Smith ◽  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Over Expression

Abstract Background The same species of plant can exhibit highly diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. Results We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK ) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin availability during petal development. Conclusions Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis ecotypes that mediated differences in the expression of a previously undescribed membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin availability and cell size during petal growth.

Sweet cherry floral organ size varies with genotype and temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Yiannis Ampatzidis ◽  
Matthew D. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Floral Organ Size

scholarly journals Floral organ size control

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 814-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Delgado-Benarroch ◽  
Julia Weiss ◽  
Marcos Egea-Cortines
Keyword(s):  
Size Control ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Floral Organ Size

scholarly journals Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin availability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte N. Miller ◽  
Jack Dumenil ◽  
Caroline Smith ◽  
Fu Hao Lu ◽  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Over Expression

AbstractBackgroundThe same species of plant can exhibit highly diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Defining genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control.ResultsWe screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in expression of At4g16850 (named as KSK), encoding a hypothetical protein, had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin availability was reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin availability during petal development.ConclusionsUnderstanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis ecotypes that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin availability and cell size during petal growth.

scholarly journals Xenopus hybrids provide insight into cell and organism size control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Gibeaux ◽  
Kelly Miller ◽  
Rachael Acker ◽  
Taejoon Kwon ◽  
Rebecca Heald
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Tailbud Stage ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Genome Activation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Zygotic Genome

AbstractDetermining how size is controlled is a fundamental question in biology that is poorly understood at the organismal, cellular and subcellular levels. The Xenopus species, X. laevis and X. tropicalis differ in size at all three of these levels. Despite these differences, fertilization of X. laevis eggs with X. tropicalis sperm gives rise to viable hybrid animals that are intermediate in size. We observed that although hybrid and X. laevis embryogenesis initiates from the same sized zygote and proceeds synchronously through development, hybrid animals were smaller by the tailbud stage, and a change in the ratio of nuclear size to cell size was observed shortly after zygotic genome activation (ZGA), suggesting that differential gene expression contributes to size differences. Transcriptome analysis at the onset of ZGA identified twelve transcription factors paternally expressed in hybrids. A screen of these X. tropicalis factors by expression in X. laevis embryos revealed that Hes7 and Ventx2 significantly reduced X. laevis body length size by the tailbud stage, although nuclear to cell size scaling relationships were not affected as in the hybrid. Together, these results suggest that transcriptional regulation contributes to biological size control in Xenopus.

scholarly journals Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte N. Miller ◽  
Jack Dumenil ◽  
Fu Hao Lu ◽  
Caroline Smith ◽  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Over Expression

Abstract AbstractBackground. The same species of plant can exhibit very diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. Results. We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin responses during petal development.Conclusions. Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis accessions that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin responses and cell size during petal growth.

scholarly journals Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte N. Miller ◽  
Jack Dumenil ◽  
Fu Hao Lu ◽  
Caroline Smith ◽  
Neil McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Over Expression

Abstract Background. The same species of plant can exhibit very diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. Results. We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin responses during petal development. Conclusions. Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis accessions that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin responses and cell size during petal growth.

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