scholarly journals Dramatic Increase in Content of Diverse Flavonoids Accompanied with Down-Regulation of F-Box Genes in a Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) Mutant Cultivar Producing Dark-Purple Ray Florets

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 865
Author(s):  
Yeong Deuk Jo ◽  
Jaihyunk Ryu ◽  
Ye-Sol Kim ◽  
Kyung-Yun Kang ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Photodiode Array Detection ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Flavonoid Accumulation

Anthocyanins (a subclass of flavonoids) and flavonoids are crucial determinants of flower color and substances of pharmacological efficacy, respectively, in chrysanthemum. However, metabolic and transcriptomic profiling regarding flavonoid accumulation has not been performed simultaneously, thus the understanding of mechanisms gained has been limited. We performed HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and transcriptome analyses using “ARTI-Dark Chocolate” (AD), which is a chrysanthemum mutant cultivar producing dark-purple ray florets, and the parental cultivar “Noble Wine” for metabolic characterization and elucidation of the genetic mechanism determining flavonoid content. Among 26 phenolic compounds identified, three cyanidins and eight other flavonoids were detected only in AD. The total amounts of diverse flavonoids were 8.0 to 10.3 times higher in AD. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were not up-regulated in AD at the early flower stage, implying that the transcriptional regulation of the pathway did not cause flavonoid accumulation. However, genes encoding post-translational regulation-related proteins, especially F-box genes in the mutated gene, were enriched among down-regulated genes in AD. From the combination of metabolic and transcriptomic data, we suggest that the suppression of post-translational regulation is a possible mechanism for flavonoid accumulation in AD. These results will contribute to research on the regulation and manipulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum.

scholarly journals Is Our Natural Food Our Homeostasis? Array of a Thousand Effect-Directed Profiles of 68 Herbs and Spices

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Schreiner ◽  
Dorena Sauter ◽  
Maren Friz ◽  
Julia Heil ◽  
Gertrud Elisabeth Morlock
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Photodiode Array Detection ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Herbs And Spices

The beneficial effects of plant-rich diets and traditional medicines are increasingly recognized in the treatment of civilization diseases due to the abundance and diversity of bioactive substances therein. However, the important active portion of natural food or plant-based medicine is presently not under control. Hence, a paradigm shift from quality control based on marker compounds to effect-directed profiling is postulated. We investigated 68 powdered plant extracts (botanicals) which are added to food products in food industry. Among them are many plants that are used as traditional medicines, herbs and spices. A generic strategy was developed to evaluate the bioactivity profile of each botanical as completely as possible and to straightforwardly assign the most potent bioactive compounds. It is an 8-dimensional hyphenation of normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-imaging by ultraviolet, visible and fluorescence light detection as well as effect-directed assay and heart-cut of the bioactive zone to orthogonal reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato-graphy−photodiode array detection−heated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the non-target, effect-directed screening via 16 different on-surface assays, we tentatively assigned more than 60 important bioactive compounds in the studied botanicals. These were antibacterials, estrogens, antiestrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens, as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitors, which were on-surface heart-cut eluted from the bioautogram or enzyme inhibition autogram to the next dimension for further targeted characterization. This biological-physicochemical hyphenation is able to detect and control active mechanisms of traditional medicines or botanicals as well as the essentials of plant-based food. The array of 1,292 profiles (68 samples × 19 detections) showed the versatile bioactivity potential of natural food. It reveals how efficiently and powerful our natural food contributes to our homeostasis.

scholarly journals Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Chrysanthemum

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7960
Author(s):  
Sun-Hyung Lim ◽  
Bora Park ◽  
Da-Hye Kim ◽  
Sangkyu Park ◽  
Ju-Hee Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. However, the role of this enzyme in determining flower color in the economically important crop chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is unknown. Here, we isolated cDNAs encoding DFR from two chrysanthemum cultivars, the white-flowered chrysanthemum “OhBlang” (CmDFR-OB) and the red-flowered chrysanthemum “RedMarble” (CmDFR-RM) and identified variations in the C-terminus between the two sequences. An enzyme assay using recombinant proteins revealed that both enzymes catalyzed the reduction of dihydroflavonol substrates, but CmDFR-OB showed significantly reduced DFR activity for dihydrokaempferol (DHK) substrate as compared with CmDFR-RM. Transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were consistent with the anthocyanin contents at different flower developmental stages of both cultivars. The inplanta complementation assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1), revealed that CmDFR-RM, but not CmDFR-OB, transgenes restored defective anthocyanin biosynthesis of this mutant at the seedling stage, as well as proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed. The difference in the flower color of two chrysanthemums can be explained by the C-terminal variation of CmDFR combined with the loss of CmF3H expression during flower development.

scholarly journals Comparison of Phenolic Compounds and the Antioxidant Activities of Fifteen Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. ‘Hangbaiju’ in China

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyan Gong ◽  
Bingquan Chu ◽  
Lingxiao Gong ◽  
Zhongxiang Fang ◽  
Xiaoxu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acids ◽  
Caffeoylquinic Acid ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

This study investigated the phenolic compounds of 15 Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. ‘Hangbaiju’, including 6 ‘Duoju’ and 9 ‘Taiju’, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of these ‘Hangbaiju’ were estimated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results show that a total of 14 phenolic compounds were detected in these flowers, including 3 mono-caffeoylquinic acids, 3 di-caffeoylquinic acids, 1 phenolic acid and 7 flavonoids. ‘Duoju’ and ‘Taiju’ possess different concentrations of phenolic compounds, and ‘Taiju’ exhibits higher caffeoylquinic acids and stronger antioxidant activities than ‘Duoju’. Caffeoylquinic acids show a strong correlation with the antioxidant activities of the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals an obvious separation between ‘Duoju’ and ‘Taiju’, using phenolic compounds as variables. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, luteolin and acacetin were found to be the key phenolic compounds to differentiate ‘Duoju’ from ‘Taiju’.

scholarly journals Substantial Epigenetic Variation Causing Flower Color Chimerism in the Ornamental Tree Prunus mume Revealed by Single Base Resolution Methylome Detection and Transcriptome Sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Feng Ma ◽  
Qi-Xiang Zhang ◽  
Tang-Ren Cheng ◽  
Xiao-Lan Yan ◽  
Hui-Tang Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Epigenetic Variation ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Single Base Resolution ◽  
The Relationship

Epigenetic changes caused by methylcytosine modification participate in gene regulation and transposable element (TE) repression, resulting in phenotypic variation. Although the effects of DNA methylation and TE repression on flower, fruit, seed coat, and leaf pigmentation have been investigated, little is known about the relationship between methylation and flower color chimerism. In this study, we used a comparative methylomic–transcriptomic approach to explore the molecular mechanism responsible for chimeric flowers in Prunus mume “Danban Tiaozhi”. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that the variation in white (WT) and red (RT) petal tissues in this species is directly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, i.e., cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-glucoside. We next mapped the first-ever generated methylomes of P. mume, and found that 11.29–14.83% of the genomic cytosine sites were methylated. We also determined that gene expression was negatively correlated with methylcytosine level in general, and uncovered significant epigenetic variation between WT and RT. Furthermore, we detected differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and DMR-related genes between WT and RT, and concluded that many of these genes, including differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factor genes, are critical participants in the anthocyanin regulatory pathway. Importantly, some of the associated DEGs harbored TE insertions that were also modified by methylcytosine. The above evidence suggest that flower color chimerism in P. mume is induced by the DNA methylation of critical genes and TEs.

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