scholarly journals A Comprehensive Cytogenetic Analysis of Several Members of the Family Columbidae (Aves, Columbiformes)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Kretschmer ◽  
Ivanete de Oliveira Furo ◽  
Anderson José Baia Gomes ◽  
Lucas G. Kiazim ◽  
Ricardo José Gunski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Artificial Chromosome ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chromosomal Changes ◽  
Leptotila Verreauxi ◽  
Intrachromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
High Degree

The Columbidae species (Aves, Columbiformes) show considerable variation in their diploid numbers (2n = 68–86), but there is limited understanding of the events that shaped the extant karyotypes. Hence, we performed whole chromosome painting (wcp) for paints GGA1-10 and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes for chromosomes GGA11-28 for Columbina passerina, Columbina talpacoti, Patagioenas cayennensis, Geotrygon violacea and Geotrygon montana. Streptopelia decaocto was only investigated with paints because BACs for GGA10-28 had been previously analyzed. We also performed phylogenetic analyses in order to trace the evolutionary history of this family in light of chromosomal changes using our wcp data with chicken probes and from Zenaida auriculata, Columbina picui, Columba livia and Leptotila verreauxi, previously published. G-banding was performed on all these species. Comparative chromosome paint and G-banding results suggested that at least one interchromosomal and many intrachromosomal rearrangements had occurred in the diversification of Columbidae species. On the other hand, a high degree of conservation of microchromosome organization was observed in these species. Our cladistic analysis, considering all the chromosome rearrangements detected, provided strong support for L. verreauxi and P. cayennensis, G. montana and G. violacea, C. passerina and C. talpacoti having sister taxa relationships, as well as for all Columbidae species analyzed herein. Additionally, the chromosome characters were mapped in a consensus phylogenetic topology previously proposed, revealing a pericentric inversion in the chromosome homologous to GGA4 in a chromosomal signature unique to small New World ground doves.

Biochemical systematics of the marine fish family Centrolophidae (Teleostei:Stromateoidei) from Australian waters

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJS Bolch ◽  
RD Ward ◽  
PR Last
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Upgma Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

The phylogenetic relationships of 11 stromateoid species (nine from the Family Centrolophidae and one each from the Nomeidae and Tetragonuridae) were examined by allozyme electrophoresis. Data from 30 loci were used for three phylogenetic analyses. Two phenetic trees were derived: a UPGMA tree derived from Nei's unbiased genetic distance, and a distance-Wagner tree based on modified Rogers' distances. A cladistic analysis, using maximum parsimony, was also carried out with loci as characters and alleles as unordered states. The tree topology of all three analyses showed a high degree of similarity, which increased confidence in the phylogenetic interpretation and generally supported the classical taxonomic theory of centrolophid relationships. The 'hard-spined' centrolophid taxa, including Seriolella, Psenopsis, Schedophilus labyrinthicus and Hyperoglyphe, formed a stable group In all trees. Psenopsis was closely allied to Seriolella in all three analyses, which supports the view that this genus is derived from Seriolella. Centrolophus and Tubbia consistently diverged from the ancestral line of taxa near the base of the tree, so may have diverged from ancestral stock earlier than previously thought. The most striking departure from current taxonomic theory was the wide separation of Schedophilus labyrinthicus and Schedophilus huttoni, indicating that the genus Schedophilus is polyphyletic. A revision of the genus is needed and should include morphological and electrophoretic analyses of all Schedophilus species, with particular reference to the type species S. medusophagus.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal diversification and ecological niche evolution of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands using genotyping-by-sequencing data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael G Albaladejo ◽  
Sara Martín-Hernanz ◽  
J Alfredo Reyes-Betancort ◽  
Arnoldo Santos-Guerra ◽  
María Olangua-Corral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Dispersal Events

Abstract Background and Aims Several biogeographical models have been proposed to explain the colonization and diversification patterns of Macaronesian lineages. In this study, we calculated the diversification rates and explored what model best explains the current distribution of the 15 species endemic to the Canary Islands belonging to Helianthemum sect. Helianthemum (Cistaceae). Methods We performed robust phylogenetic reconstructions based on genotyping-by-sequencing data and analysed the timing, biogeographical history and ecological niche conservatism of this endemic Canarian clade. Key Results Our phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for the monophyly of this clade, and retrieved five lineages not currently restricted to a single island. The pristine colonization event took place in the Pleistocene (~1.82 Ma) via dispersal to Tenerife by a Mediterranean ancestor. Conclusions The rapid and abundant diversification (0.75–1.85 species per million years) undergone by this Canarian clade seems the result of complex inter-island dispersal events followed by allopatric speciation driven mostly by niche conservatism, i.e. inter-island dispersal towards niches featuring similar environmental conditions. Nevertheless, significant instances of ecological niche shifts have also been observed in some lineages, making an important contribution to the overall diversification history of this clade.

scholarly journals Molecular Systematics and Biogeography of Antillean Thrashers, Tremblers, and Mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae)

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Hunt ◽  
Eldredge Bermingham ◽  
Robert E. Ricklefs
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
The West ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Mimus Polyglottos ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dumetella Carolinensis ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Abstract We constructed phylogenetic hypotheses for Greater and Lesser Antillean Mimidae, including five endemic species of tremblers and thrashers that represent the best plausible example of an avian radiation within the Lesser Antilles. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from analysis of 3,491 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and roughly 780 bp of the nuclear-encoded myoglobin gene. We used a subset of mtDNA gene sequences and pcrRFLP analysis to evaluate the phylogeographic relationships among individuals representing island populations of the Brown and Gray tremblers (Cinclocerthia ruficauda and C. gutturalis), Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus), Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Margarops fuscus), and Antillean and continental populations of the Tropical (Mimus gilvus) and Northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos). Phylogeographic analysis distinguished three strongly differentiated mtDNA clades among tremblers, as well as distinct southern (St. Lucia and Martinique) and northern (Dominica to Montserrat) mtDNA lineages of the Scaly-breasted Thrasher. Minor geographic subdivision was also observed between continental and Antillean populations of the Tropical Mockingbird. Phylogenetic analyses of species-level Mimidae relationships that are based on mtDNA and nuclear sequences provide strong support for the monophyly and Antillean origin of a clade that consists of the tremblers, Pearly-eyed Thrasher, and Scaly-breasted Thrasher, but reject the monophyly of the genus Margarops. Phylogenetic analysis cannot confirm the monophyly of all endemic Antillean mimids because of the apparently contemporaneous diversification of the Antillean White-breasted Thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus) with the continental Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and Black Catbird (Melanoptila glabrirostris). However, an insertion and a deletion in the myoglobin intron 2 sequence support grouping the West Indian thrashers and tremblers, from which we infer that the endemic Lesser Antillean mimids are an indigenous radiation. Assuming a constant mtDNA clock for the Mimidae, the splitting of the Northern and Tropical mockingbird lineages is roughly contemporaneous with the separation of the three trembler clades, as well as the two Scaly-breasted Thrasher clades. Application of a mitochondrial DNA clock ticking at 2% sequence divergence per million years (Ma), suggests that the history of the endemic thrasher and trembler lineage in the West Indies extends back about 4 Ma, and the three distinct clades of tremblers split about 2 Ma ago.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analyses of Lapita decoration do not support branching evolution or regional population structure during colonization of Remote Oceania

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1559) ◽  
pp. 3889-3902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan E. Cochrane ◽  
Carl P. Lipo
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
High Degree

Intricately decorated Lapita pottery (3100–2700 BP) was made and deposited by the prehistoric colonizers of Pacific islands, east of the main Solomon's chain. For decades, analyses of this pottery have focused on the ancestor–descendant relationships of populations and the relative degree of interaction across the region to explain similarities in Lapita decoration. Cladistic analyses, increasingly used to examine the evolutionary relationships of material culture assemblages, have not been conducted on Lapita artefacts. Here, we present the first cladistic analysis of Lapita pottery and note the difficulties in using cladistics to investigate datasets where a high degree of horizontal transmission and non-branching evolution may explain observed variation. We additionally present NeighborNet and phenetic distance network analyses to generate hypotheses that may account for Lapita decorative similarity.

scholarly journals HERV-K(OLD): Ancestor Sequences of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus Family HERV-K(HML-2)

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (19) ◽  
pp. 8917-8926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Reus ◽  
Jens Mayer ◽  
Marlies Sauter ◽  
Hans Zischler ◽  
Nikolaus Müller-Lantzsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Old World ◽  
Human Sequence ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT Sequences homologous to the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) family HERV-K(HML-2) are present in all Old World primate species. A previous study showed that a central region of the HERV-K(HML-2)gag genes in Hominoidea species displays a 96-bp deletion compared to the gag genes in lower Old World primates. The more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) sequences present in lower Old World primates were apparently not conserved during hominoid evolution, as opposed to the deletion variants. To further clarify the evolutionary origin of the HERV-K(HML-2) family, we screened GenBank with the 96-bp gag-sequence characteristic of lower Old World primates and identified, to date, 10 human sequence entries harboring either full-length or partially deleted proviral structures, probably representing remnants of a more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) variant. The high degree of mutations demonstrates the long-time presence of these HERV-K(OLD) proviruses in the genome. Nevertheless, they still belong to the HML-2 family as deduced from dot matrix and phylogenetic analyses. We estimate, based on the family ages of integratedAlu elements and on long terminal repeat (LTR) divergence data, that the average age of HERV-K(OLD) proviruses is ca. 28 million years, supporting an integration time before the evolutionary split of Hominoidea from lower Old World primates. Analysis of HERV-K(OLD) LTR sequences led to the distinction of two subgroups, both of which cluster with LTRs belonging to an evolutionarily older cluster. Taken together, our data give further insight into the evolutionary history of the HERV-K(HML-2) family during primate evolution.

Evidence of cryptic speciation in mesostigmatid mites from South Africa

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 1322-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIAAN ENGELBRECHT ◽  
CONRAD A. MATTHEE ◽  
EDWARD A. UECKERMANN ◽  
SONJA MATTHEE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complex Life History

SUMMARYLaelaps giganteus and Laelaps muricola (Mesostigmata; Laelapidae) are widespread and locally abundant host generalists on small mammals in southern Africa. The large host range and complex life history of these ectoparasites may allude to possible intraspecific cryptic diversity in these taxa. To assess genetic and morphological diversity in L. giganteus and L. muricola, we sampled 228 rodents at eight localities in South Africa. This sample included nine previously recorded host species and on these, L. muricola was only recorded from Mastomys natalensis and Micaelamys namaquensis while L. giganteus was found on Rhabdomys dilectus and Lemniscomys rosalia. Phylogenetic analyses of partial mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear ITS1 data strongly supported the recognition of L. giganteus and L. muricola, a scenario partly supported by the Tropomyosin intron. Strong support for evolutionary distinct lineages within L. giganteus is found: L. giganteus lineage 1 is confined to R. dilectus and L. giganteus lineage 2 is confined to L. rosalia. These host specific monophyletic lineages were also separated by 9·84% mtDNA sequence divergence and 3·44% nuclear DNA sequence divergence. Since quantitative morphometric analyses were not congruent with these findings, these two lineages more than likely represent cryptic species.

Higher classification of the flabelliferan and related Isopoda based on a reappraisal of relationships

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Brandt ◽  
Gary C. B. Poore
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Distal Margin ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
New Family ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Mandibular Molar ◽  
History Of

The history of the systematics of isopod suborders is summarised. Several authors have suggested that the traditional suborder Flabellifera is paraphyletic and includes one or more of the suborders Gnathiidea, Epicaridea and Anthuridea. Two suborders, Cymothoida and Sphaeromatidea, have been proposed as replacement taxa for the Flabellifera, but it has not been possible on the basis of phylogenetic analyses to elucidate significant relationships between the suborders and families. Morphological characters are used to explore relationships between 35 genus-, family- and suborder-level taxa of flabelliferan Isopoda in a cladistic analysis (using Phreatoicidea and Asellota as outgroups) and to derive a new classification. The analysis did not find a synapomorphy for 'Flabellifera' sensu lato, but recognises two diverging clades of 'long-tailed' isopods. Members of the Oniscidea are not part of either clade. Nor are the Tainisopidea, a new suborder erected for members of the family Tainisopidae. The Tainisopidea has many synapomorphies and plesiomorphic features, but does not share characters with either clade. The first clade comprises Phoratopidea (for Phoratopus remex) and sister-taxa Cymothoida and Limnoriidea. Representatives of these suborders have uropodal rami ventral to the pleotelson and articulating from side-to-side inside the branchial space. The new suborder, Phoratopidea, is for one species with unique, broad articles of pereopods 3 and 4 with reduced dactyls. It lacks the synapomorphies of the following two suborders. In members of the suborder Cymothoida, the mandibular molar is either a flat triangular blade, reduced to a conical process, or absent, and the maxillipedal endite is rarely longer than palp article 1 (or is absent), distally tapering and has few setae. The suborder Limnoriidea is diagnosed as lacking the mandibular molar, and the non-tapering, slender (except in Keuphylia) maxillipedal endite reaches to at least the distal margin of palp article 4. Members of the second clade share a vaulted pleotelson enclosing a branchial chamber defined by ventrolateral ridges and uropods lateral to the pleotelson margin that fold down alongside the branchial space. It comprises two suborders. Members of the Sphaeromatidea have pleonite 1 much narrower than pleonite 2 and a reduced (or absent) right lacinia mobilis fused to the spine row. They lack operculiform uropods, which characterise Valvifera. The suborder Anthuridea is reduced to superfamily rank and Epicaridea is reduced to two superfamilies within Cymothoida. Unambiguous relationships between most families are resolved, but Sphaeromatidae is suspected to be paraphyletic, Paravireia is placed as the most plesiomorphic of the Sphaeromatoidea and a new family, Basserolidae, is proposed. The Tainisopidea includes freshwater taxa in a relictual environment. The sole species of Phoratopidea is marine, rare, and its ecology is unknown. The Cymothoida are most diverse in tropical regions. Members of the most plesiomorphic family, the Cirolanidae, are mobile predators or scavengers and the more derived families are ectoparasites on fishes and other crustaceans. Members of the Limnoriidea are mainly tropical and at least one family is herbivorous. The Valvifera and Sphaeromatidea are benthic, with respiratory pleopods in a branchial chamber. They are most diverse in the temperate southern hemisphere, and most are detritivores.

scholarly journals Genome-wide sequence data show no evidence of admixture and introgression among pollinator wasps associated with a community of Panamanian strangler figs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan D. Satler ◽  
Edward Allen Herre ◽  
Tracy A. Heath ◽  
Carlos A. Machado ◽  
Adalberto Gómez Zúñiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Pollinator Species ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
History Of

AbstractInteractions between plants and their animal pollinators can shape processes of divergence and gene flow within associated lineages. For example, in the obligate mutualism between figs (Ficus) and fig pollinator wasps (family Agaonidae), each wasp species typically pollinates a single fig species, potentially reinforcing reproductive isolation among different wasp species. Multiple pollinator species, however, can sometimes reproduce in the same host fig species, potentially enabling hybridization and introgression between wasp species. In a community of Panamanian strangler figs (section Americana), we use genome-wide ultraconserved element (UCE) loci to estimate phylogenetic relationships and test for hybridization and gene flow among 19 pollinator species associated with 16 host fig species. Previous studies showing ongoing pollinator sharing and a history of pollinator host switching are consistent with documented genetic admixture in their host figs. Here we investigate if host sharing and a dynamic evolutionary history including host switching has also resulted in hybridization and gene flow between pollinator species. Phylogenetic analyses recover strong support for well-delimited wasp species coupled with high interspecific divergence. There is no evidence for ongoing hybridization or introgression, even among pairs of pollinator species currently reproducing within the same host. In contrast to work suggesting admixture among Panamanian host figs, we conclude hybridization and interspecific gene flow have not been important processes shaping the evolutionary history of their pollinating wasps.

scholarly journals Relating Ediacaran Fronds

Paleobiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alexander Dececchi ◽  
Guy M. Narbonne ◽  
Carolyn Greentree ◽  
Marc Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
History Of ◽  
Character Matrix ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

AbstractEdiacaran fronds are key components of terminal-Proterozoic ecosystems. They represent one of the most widespread and common body forms ranging across all major Ediacaran fossil localities and time slices postdating the Gaskiers glaciation, but uncertainty over their phylogenetic affinities has led to uncertainty over issues of homology and functional morphology between and within organisms displaying this ecomorphology. Here we present the first large-scale, multigroup cladistic analysis of Ediacaran organisms, sampling 20 ingroup taxa with previously asserted affinities to the Arboreomorpha, Erniettomorpha, and Rangeomorpha. Using a newly derived morphological character matrix that incorporates multiple axes of potential phylogenetically informative data, including architectural, developmental, and structural qualities, we seek to illuminate the evolutionary history of these organisms. We find strong support for existing classification schema and devise apomorphy-based definitions for each of the three frondose clades examined here. Through a rigorous cladistic framework it is possible to discern the pattern of evolution within and between these clades, including the identification of homoplasies and functional constraints. This work both validates earlier studies of Ediacaran groups and accentuates instances in which previous assumptions of their natural history are uninformative.

THE R.J. CHAMBERS COLLECTION: AN “ARCHIVIST'S” REVELATIONS OF 20th CENTURY ACCOUNTING THOUGHT AND PRACTICE

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme W. Dean ◽  
Peter W. Wolnizer ◽  
Frank L. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Archival Source ◽  
Inflation Accounting ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Accounting Standard Setting

A major, unique accounting archival source, the R.J. Chambers Collection comprises both hard copy and, utilizing cutting-edge search technology, internet accessible materials. From his academic beginnings, Chambers was an orderly person, an archivist of the extensive and varied evidence that underpinned his proposals for accounting reform. Opening research areas for accounting biography, the development of accounting thought, the history of accounting institutions, prosopography, public sector accounting history, and comparative international accounting history are foremost amongst the myriad justifications for seeking to unravel the accounting history “lodes” in archives such as the Goldberg, Chambers, and Briloff Collections [Potter, 2003]. The archiving of the meticulously kept Chambers papers from 1947–1999 provides an opportunity for unfolding the background to events previously withheld from accounting history scholars. Professional episodes in relation to inflation accounting, standard setting, proposals to reform accounting education, and the like that appeared prima facie to be worth investigating are now open to scrutiny from a different angle, with a different type of evidence available in this Collection. This Collection provides a high degree of archival provenance. In particular, it represents an orderly retention of past documentation of what Chambers wrote, and perhaps uniquely for accounting historians, received; thus, providing an extensive window from which to examine the disorderly present environment of acounting.

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