scholarly journals Symbiotic Outcome Modified by the Diversification from 7 to over 700 Nodule-Specific Cysteine-Rich Peptides

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proyash Roy ◽  
Mingkee Achom ◽  
Helen Wilkinson ◽  
Beatriz Lagunas ◽  
Miriam L. Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Bacterial Cell Cycle ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Secreted Peptides

Legume-rhizobium symbiosis represents one of the most successfully co-evolved mutualisms. Within nodules, the bacterial cells undergo distinct metabolic and morphological changes and differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Legumes in the inverted repeat lacking clade (IRLC) employ an array of defensin-like small secreted peptides (SSPs), known as nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, to regulate bacteroid differentiation and activity. While most NCRs exhibit bactericidal effects in vitro, studies confirm that inside nodules they target the bacterial cell cycle and other cellular pathways to control and extend rhizobial differentiation into an irreversible (or terminal) state where the host gains control over bacteroids. While NCRs are well established as positive regulators of effective symbiosis, more recent findings also suggest that NCRs affect partner compatibility. The extent of bacterial differentiation has been linked to species-specific size and complexity of the NCR gene family that varies even among closely related species, suggesting a more recent origin of NCRs followed by rapid expansion in certain species. NCRs have diversified functionally, as well as in their expression patterns and responsiveness, likely driving further functional specialisation. In this review, we evaluate the functions of NCR peptides and their role as a driving force underlying the outcome of rhizobial symbiosis, where the plant is able to determine the outcome of rhizobial interaction in a temporal and spatial manner.

The effect of exogenous RNA extract on chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
A. Sann ◽  
D. Sharp ◽  
J. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Baby Hamster Kidney ◽  
Exogenous Rna ◽  
Embryo Fibroblasts ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Rna Extract

It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile the conflicting claims of those who have treated different cells and tissues with exogenous RNA. Some authors (e.g. Niu, Cordova & Niu, 1961; Niu, Cordova & Radbill, 1962) maintain that RNA extracts alter the course of cell differentiation to conform in morphological terms to the source of the RNA; in the same vein, Amos, Askonas & Soeiro (1964) have shown that, under certain conditions, RNA from mouse and bacterial cells can stimulate chick embryo fibroblasts to synthesize protein related antigenically to the origin of the RNA. Shepley, Ambrose & Kirby (1965), however, obtained stimulation of growth with permanent morphological changes in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts by the addition of RNA from a variety of sources.

In vitrocytokines profile and ultrastructural changes of microglia and macrophages following interaction withLeishmania

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA KARLA SANTOS RAMOS ◽  
MAYSA DE VASCONCELOS BRITO ◽  
FERNANDO TOBIAS SILVEIRA ◽  
CLÁUDIO GUEDES SALGADO ◽  
WANDERLEY DE SOUZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Robust Response

SUMMARYIn the present study, we assessed morphological changes and cytokine production afterin vitrointeraction with causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and compared the microglia and macrophage immune responses. Cultures of microglia and macrophages infected with stationary-phase promastigotes ofLeishmania(Viannia)shawi, Leishmania(Viannia)braziliensisorLeishmania(Leishmania)amazonensiswere evaluated 24, 48 and 72 h after interaction. Macrophages only presented the classical phagocytic process while microglia also displayed large cytoplasmic projections similar to the ruffles described in macropinocytosis. In the macrophage cultures, the percentage of infected cells increased over time, in a fashion that was dependent on the parasite species. In contrast, in microglial cells as the culture time progressed, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of infected cells independent of parasite species. Measurements of cytokines in macrophage cultures 48 h after interactions revealed distinct expression patterns for different parasites, whereas in microglial cultures they were similar for allLeishmaniatested species. Taken together, our results suggest that microglia may have a higher phagocytic ability and cytotoxic potential than macrophages for all investigated species. The robust response of microglia against all parasite species may suggest microglia have an important role in the defence against cerebral leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Detection of rifampin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using species-specific assays for precursor rRNA.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1790-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Cangelosi ◽  
W H Brabant ◽  
T B Britschgi ◽  
C K Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Rrna Synthesis ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Species ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Species Specific

rRNA precursor (pre-rRNA) molecules carry terminal stems which are removed during rRNA synthesis to form the mature rRNA subunits. Their abundance in bacterial cells can be markedly affected by antibiotics which directly or indirectly inhibit RNA synthesis. We evaluated the feasibility of rapidly detecting antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by measuring the effects of brief in vitro antibiotic exposure on mycobacterial pre-rRNA. By hybridizing extracted M. tuberculosis nucleic acid with radiolabeled nucleic acid probes specific for pre-16S rRNA stem sequences, we detected clear responses to rifampin and ciprofloxacin within 24 and 48 h, respectively, of exposure of cultured cells to these drugs. Detectable pre-rRNA was depleted in susceptible cells but remained abundant in resistant cells. In contrast, no measurable responses to isoniazid or ethambutol were observed. Probes for pre-rRNA were specific for the M. tuberculosis complex when tested against a panel of eight Mycobacterium species and 48 other bacteria. After 24 h of incubation with rifampin, resistant M. tuberculosis strains were detectable in a reverse transcriptase PCR assay for pre-rRNA with a calculated lower limit of sensitivity of approximately 10(2) cells. Susceptible cells were negative in this assay at over 500 times the calculated lower limit of sensitivity. This general approach may prove useful for rapidly testing the susceptibility of slowly growing Mycobacterium species to the rifamycin and fluoroquinolone drugs and, with possible modifications, to other drugs as well.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mice Deficient in the Src Family Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Frk/rak

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 5235-5247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhashini Chandrasekharan ◽  
Ting Hu Qiu ◽  
Nawal Alkharouf ◽  
Kelly Brantley ◽  
James B. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome ◽  
Epithelial Tissues

ABSTRACT Frk/rak belongs to a novel family of Src kinases with epithelial tissue-specific expression. Although developmental expression patterns and functional overexpression in vitro have associated these kinases with growth suppression and differentiation, their physiological functions remain largely unknown. We therefore generated mice carrying a null mutation in iyk, the mouse homolog of Frk/rak. We report here that frk/rak−/− mice are viable, show similar growth rates to wild-type animals, and are fertile. Furthermore, a 2-year study of health and survival did not identify differences in the incidence and spectrum of spontaneous tumors or provide evidence of hyperplasias in frk/rak−/− epithelial tissues. Histological analysis of organs failed to reveal any morphological changes in epithelial tissues that normally express high levels of Frk/rak. Ultrastructural analysis of intestinal enterocytes did not identify defects in brush border morphology or structural polarization, demonstrating that Frk/rak is dispensable for intestinal cytodifferentiation. Additionally, frk/rak-null mice do not display altered sensitivity to intestinal damage induced by ionizing radiation. cDNA microarray analysis revealed an increase in c-src expression and identified subtle changes in the expression of genes regulated by thyroid hormones. Significant decreases in the circulating levels of T3 but not T4 hormone are consistent with this observation and reminiscent of euthyroid sick syndrome, a stress-associated clinical condition.

scholarly journals The Potential Virulence Factors ofProvidencia stuartii: Motility, Adherence, and Invasion

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naziia Kurmasheva ◽  
Vyacheslav Vorobiev ◽  
Margarita Sharipova ◽  
Tatyana Efremova ◽  
Ayslu Mardanova
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Viscous Medium ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Tract Infections

Providencia stuartiiis the most commonProvidenciaspecies capable of causing human infections. CurrentlyP. stuartiiis involved in high incidence of urinary tract infections in catheterized patients. The ability of bacteria to swarm on semisolid (viscous) surfaces and adhere to and invade host cells determines the specificity of the disease pathogenesis and its therapy. In the present study we demonstrated morphological changes ofP. stuartiiNK cells during migration on the viscous medium and discussed adhesive and invasive properties utilizing the HeLa-M cell line as a host model. To visualize the interaction ofP. stuartiiNK bacterial cells with eukaryotic cellsin vitroscanning electron and confocal microscopy were performed. We found that bacteriaP. stuartiiNK are able to adhere to and invade HeLa-M epithelial cells and these properties depend on the age of bacterial culture. Also, to invade the host cells the infectious dose of the bacteria is essential. The microphotographs indicate that after incubation of bacterialP. stuartiiNK cells together with epithelial cells the bacterial cells both were adhered onto and invaded into the host cells.

scholarly journals RNA Polymerases from Bacillus subtilisand Escherichia coli Differ in Recognition of Regulatory Signals In Vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (21) ◽  
pp. 6027-6035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Artsimovitch ◽  
Vladimir Svetlov ◽  
Larry Anthony ◽  
Richard R. Burgess ◽  
Robert Landick
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
Rna Polymerases ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Signal Recognition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Promoter Recognition ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Adaptation of bacterial cells to diverse habitats relies on the ability of RNA polymerase to respond to various regulatory signals. Some of these signals are conserved throughout evolution, whereas others are species specific. In this study we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of RNA polymerases from two distantly related bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, using a panel of in vitro transcription assays. We found substantial species-specific differences in the ability of these enzymes to escape from the promoter and to recognize certain types of elongation signals. Both enzymes responded similarly to other pause and termination signals and to the general E. coli elongation factors NusA and GreA. We also demonstrate that, although promoter recognition depends largely on the ς subunit, promoter discrimination exhibited in species-specific fashion by both RNA polymerases resides in the core enzyme. We hypothesize that differences in signal recognition are due to the changes in contacts made between the β and β′ subunits and the downstream DNA duplex.

scholarly journals Expression patterns of Fgf8 and Shh in the developing external genitalia of Suncus murinus

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Miyado ◽  
Kenji Miyado ◽  
Akihiro Nakamura ◽  
Maki Fukami ◽  
Gen Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 ◽  
Male External Genitalia ◽  
Species Specific

Reciprocal epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and several signalling pathways regulate the development of the genital tubercle (GT), an embryonic primordium of external genitalia. The morphology of the adult male external genitalia of the Asian house musk shrew Suncus murinus (hereafter, laboratory name: suncus) belonging to the order Eulipotyphla (the former order Insectivora or Soricomorpha) differs from those of mice and humans. However, the developmental process of the suncus GT and its regulatory genes are unknown. In the present study, we explored the morphological changes and gene expression patterns during the development of the suncus GT. Morphological observations suggested the presence of common (during the initial outgrowth) and species-specific (during the sexual differentiation of GT) developmental processes of the suncus GT. In gene expression analysis, fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) and sonic hedgehog (Shh), an indicator and regulator of GT development in mice respectively, were found to be expressed in the cloacal epithelium and the developing urethral epithelium of the suncus GT. This pattern of expression specifically in GT epithelium is similar to that observed in the developing mouse GT. Our results indicate that the mechanism of GT formation regulated by the FGF and SHH signalling pathways is widely conserved in mammals.

Gene expression profiling of pluripotency and differentiation-related markers in cat oocytes and preimplantation embryos

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Filliers ◽  
Karen Goossens ◽  
Ann Van Soom ◽  
Barbara Merlo ◽  
Charles Earle Pope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Preimplantation Development ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

During mammalian preimplantation development, two successive differentiation events lead to the establishment of three committed lineages with separate fates: the trophectoderm, the primitive endoderm and the pluripotent epiblast. In the mouse embryo, the molecular mechanisms underlying these two cell fate decisions have been studied extensively, leading to the identification of lineage-specific transcription factors. Species-specific differences in expression patterns of key regulatory genes have been reported, raising questions regarding their role in different species. The aim of the present study was to characterise the gene expression patterns of pluripotency (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG) and differentiation (CDX2, GATA6)-related markers during feline early development using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, we assessed the impact of in vitro development on gene expression by comparing transcript levels of the genes investigated between in vitro and in vivo blastocysts. To normalise quantitative data within different preimplantation embryo stages, we first validated a set of stable reference genes. Transcript levels of all genes investigated were present and changed over the course of preimplantation development; a highly significant embryo-stage effect on gene expression was observed. Transcript levels of OCT4 were significantly reduced in in vitro blastocysts compared with their in vivo counterparts. None of the other genes investigated showed altered expression under in vitro conditions. The different gene expression patterns of OCT4, SOX2, CDX2 and GATA6 in cat embryos resembled those described in mouse embryos, indicative of a preserved role for these genes during early segregation. However, because of the absence of any upregulation of NANOG transcription levels after embryonic genome activation, it is unlikely that NANOG is a key regular of lineage segregation. Such results support the hypothesis that the behaviour of early lineage markers can be species specific. The present study also revealed a pool of maternal NANOG mRNA transcripts, the role of which remains to be elucidated. Comparing transcription levels of these genes between in vivo and in vitro blastocysts revealed low levels of OCT4 mRNA in the latter, which may contribute to the reduced developmental competence of embryos under suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Insights into early ontogenesis: characterization of stress and development key genes of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in vivo and in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Schäfer ◽  
Yagmur Kaya ◽  
Henrike Rebl ◽  
Marcus Stüeken ◽  
Alexander Rebl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Early Ontogenesis ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

AbstractThere are still numerous difficulties in the successful farming of pikeperch in the anthropogenic environment of various aquaculture systems, especially during early developmental steps in the hatchery. To investigate the physiological processes involved on the molecular level, we determined the basal expression patterns of 21 genes involved in stress and immune responses and early ontogenesis of pikeperch between 0 and 175 days post hatch (dph). Their transcription patterns most likely reflect the challenges of growth and feed conversion. The gene coding for apolipoprotein A (APOE) was strongly expressed at 0 dph, indicating its importance for yolk sac utilization. Genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 (BMP4, BMP7), creatine kinase M (CKM), and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) were highly abundant during the peak phases of morphological changes and acclimatization processes at 4–18 dph. The high expression of genes coding for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta (PPARA, PPARD) at 121 and 175 dph, respectively, suggests their importance during this strong growth phase of juvenile stages. As an alternative experimental model to replace further in vivo investigations of ontogenetically important processes, we initiated the first approach towards a long-lasting primary cell culture from whole pikeperch embryos. The present study provides a set of possible biomarkers to support the monitoring of pikeperch farming and provides a first basis for the establishment of a suitable cell model of this emerging aquaculture species.

Correlation Between Cellular Functions and Morphological Changes of Human Trophoblast in Vitro

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
John C. Garancis ◽  
Robert O. Hussa ◽  
Michael T. Story ◽  
Donald Yorde ◽  
Roland A. Pattillo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Human Trophoblast ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Marked Activity ◽  
Malignant Trophoblast

Human malignant trophoblast cells in continuous culture were incubated for 3 days in medium containing 1 mM N6-O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and 1 mM theophylline. The culture fluid was replenished daily. Stimulated cultures secreted many times more chorionic gonadotropin and estrogens than did control cultures in the absence of increased cellular proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable surface changes of stimulated cells. Control cells (not stimulated) were smooth or provided with varying numbers of microvilli (Fig. 1). The latter, usually, were short and thin. The surface features of stimulated cells were considerably different. There was marked increase of microvilli which appeared elongated and thick. Many cells were covered with confluent polypoid projections (Fig. 2). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated marked activity of cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria were increased in number and size; some giant forms with numerous cristae were observed.

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