scholarly journals AaCOI1, Encoding a CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1-Like Protein of Artemisia annua L., Is Involved in Development, Defense, and Anthocyanin Synthesis

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Liu ◽  
Jinbiao Wang ◽  
Mu Xiao ◽  
Xiewang Gao ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Native Promoter ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
F Box Protein ◽  
Ja Signaling ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Artemisia annua is an important medicinal plant producing the majority of the antimalarial compound artemisinin. Jasmonates are potent inducers of artemisinin accumulation in Artemisisa annua plants. As the receptor of jasmonates, the F-box protein COI1 is critical to the JA signaling required for plant development, defense, and metabolic homeostasis. AaCOI1 from Artemisia annua, homologous to Arabidopsis AtCOI1, encodes a F-box protein located in the nuclei. Expressional profiles of the AaCOI1 in the root, stem, leaves, and inflorescence was investigated. The mRNA abundance of AaCOI1 was the highest in inflorescence, followed by in the leaves. Upon mechanical wounding or MeJA treatment, expression of AaCOI1 was upregulated after 6 h. When ectopically expressed, driven by the native promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana, AaCOI1 could partially complement the JA sensitivity and defense responses, but fully complemented the fertility, and the JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation in a coi1-16 loss-of-function mutant. Our study identifies the paralog of AtCOI1 in Artemisia annua, and revealed its implications in development, hormone signaling, defense, and metabolism. The results provide insight into JA perception in Artemisia annua, and pave the way for novel molecular breeding strategies in the canonical herbs to manipulate the anabolism of pharmaceutic compounds on the phytohormonal level.

scholarly journals Key Genes in the Jaz Signaling Pathway Are Up-regulated Faster and More Abundantly in Caterpillar-resistant Maize

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Han ◽  
DAWN LUTHE
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Regulation Function ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Ja Signaling

Abstract Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively known as jasmonates (JAs), are important signaling hormones for plant responses against chewing herbivores. In JA signaling networks, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins are transcriptional repressors that regulate JA-modulated downstream herbivore defenses. JAZ repressors are widely presented in land plants, however, there is only limited information about the regulation/function of JAZ proteins in maize. In this study, we performed a comprehensive expression analysis of ZmJAZ genes with other selected genes in the jasmonate pathway in response to feeding by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW), mechanical wounding, and exogenous hormone treatments in two maize genotypes differing in FAW resistance. Results showed that transcript levels of JAZ genes and several key genes in JA-signaling and biosynthesis pathways were rapidly and abundantly expressed in both genotypes in response to these various treatments. However, there were key differences between the two genotypes in the expression of ZmJAZ1 and ZmCOI1a, these two genes were expressed significantly rapidly and abundantly in the resistant line which was tightly regulated by endogenous JA level upon feeding. For instance, transcript levels of ZmJAZ1 increase dramatically within 30 min of FAW-fed Mp708 but not Tx601, correlating with the JA accumulation. The results also demonstrated that wounding or JA treatment alone was not as effective as FAW feeding; this suggests that insect-derived factors are required for optimal defense responses.

scholarly journals Silencing an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene OsJMJ715 Enhances the Resistance of Rice to a Piercing-Sucking Herbivore by Activating ABA and JA Signaling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13020
Author(s):  
Yuebai Zhang ◽  
Mengting Chen ◽  
Shuxing Zhou ◽  
Yonggen Lou ◽  
Jing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Rice Gene ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Ja Signaling

The RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in plant growth, development, and defense responses to abiotic stresses and pathogens. However, their roles in the resistance of plants to herbivorous insects remain largely unknown. In this study, we isolated the rice gene OsJMJ715, which encodes a RING-domain containing protein, and investigated its role in rice resistance to brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). OsJMJ715 is a nucleus-localized E3 ligase whose mRNA levels were upregulated by the infestation of gravid BPH females, mechanical wounding, and treatment with JA or ABA. Silencing OsJMJ715 enhanced BPH-elicited levels of ABA, JA, and JA-Ile as well as the amount of callose deposition in plants, which in turn increased the resistance of rice to BPH by reducing the feeding of BPH and the hatching rate of BPH eggs. These findings suggest that OsJMJ715 negative regulates the BPH-induced biosynthesis of ABA, JA, and JA-Ile and that BPH benefits by enhancing the expression of OsJMJ715.

scholarly journals Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lakshmi Soujanya ◽  
J. C. Sekhar ◽  
C. V. Ratnavathi ◽  
Chikkappa G. Karjagi ◽  
E. Shobha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

AbstractPink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.

scholarly journals Secoiridoids Metabolism Response to Wounding in Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) Leaves

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Božunović ◽  
Marijana Skorić ◽  
Dragana Matekalo ◽  
Suzana Živković ◽  
Milan Dragićević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Similar Expression Pattern ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Ja Signaling ◽  
Centaurium Erythraea

Centaurium erythraea Rafn produces and accumulates various biologically active specialized metabolites, including secoiridoid glucosides (SGs), which help plants to cope with unfavorable environmental conditions. Specialized metabolism is commonly modulated in a way to increase the level of protective metabolites, such as SGs. Here, we report the molecular background of the wounding-induced changes in SGs metabolism for the first time. The mechanical wounding of leaves leads to a coordinated up-regulation of SGs biosynthetic genes and corresponding JA-related transcription factors (TFs) after 24 h, which results in the increase of metabolic flux through the biosynthetic pathway and, finally, leads to the elevated accumulation of SGs 96 h upon injury. The most pronounced increase in relative expression was detected for secologanin synthase (CeSLS), highlighting this enzyme as an important point for the regulation of biosynthetic flux through the SG pathway. A similar expression pattern was observed for CeBIS1, imposing itself as the TF that is prominently involved in wound-induced regulation of SGs biosynthesis genes. The high degree of positive correlations between and among the biosynthetic genes and targeted TFs expressions indicate the transcriptional regulation of SGs biosynthesis in response to wounding with a significant role of CeBIS1, which is a known component of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-Based Proteomics Analysis of Autophagy-Mediated Responses against MeJA in Laticifers of Euphorbia kansui L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3770
Author(s):  
Fang ◽  
Yao ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Tian ◽  
Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Euphorbia Kansui ◽  
Isobaric Tags

Autophagy is a well-defined catabolic mechanism whereby cytoplasmic materials are engulfed into a structure termed the autophagosome. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone, mediates diverse developmental process and defense responses which induce a variety of metabolites. In plants, little is known about autophagy-mediated responses against MeJA. In this study, we used high-throughput comparative proteomics to identify proteins of latex in the laticifers. The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS proteomics were performed, and 298 proteins among MeJA treated groups and the control group of Euphorbia kansui were identified. It is interesting to note that 29 significant differentially expressed proteins were identified and their associations with autophagy and ROS pathway were verified for several selected proteins as follows: α-L-fucosidase, β-galactosidase, cysteine proteinase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the selected genes confirmed the fact that MeJA might enhance the expression of some genes related to autophagy. The western blotting and immunofluorescence results of ATG8 and ATG18a which are two important proteins for the formation of autophagosomes also demonstrated that MeJA could promote autophagy at the protein level. Using the electron microscope, we observed an increase in autophagosomes after MeJA treatment. These results indicated that MeJA might promote autophagy in E. kansui laticifers; and it was speculated that MeJA mediated autophagy through two possible ways: the increase of ROS induces ATG8 accumulation and then aotophagosome formation, and MeJA promotes ATG18 accumulation and then autophagosome formation. Taken together, our results provide several novel insights for understanding the mechanism between autophagy and MeJA treatment. However, the specific mechanism remains to be further studied in the future.

scholarly journals The F-Box Protein ACRE189/ACIF1 Regulates Cell Death and Defense Responses Activated during Pathogen Recognition in Tobacco and Tomato

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrold A. van den Burg ◽  
Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis ◽  
Owen Rowland ◽  
Jane Lo ◽  
Ghanasyam Rallapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Recognition ◽  
F Box Protein

scholarly journals Priming of Defense Systems and Upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 Genes after Botrytis cinerea Inoculation in Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Strawberry Fruits

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo ◽  
Paz E. Zúñiga ◽  
Luis Morales-Quintana ◽  
Mauricio Lolas ◽  
Marcela Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
The Past ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Control

Several attempts have been made to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on plants in the past years. However, the comparative effects of the number and phenological time of MeJA applications on the activation of defense systems is currently unknown in strawberries. In the present research, we performed three field treatments during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Camarosa’) fruit development and ripening which consisted of differential MeJA applications at flowering (M3), and the large green (M2 and M3) and red ripe (M1, M2, and M3) fruit stages. We also checked changes in gene expression related to plant defense against Botrytis cinerea inoculation post-harvest. In M3 treatment, we observed an upregulation of the anthocyanin and lignin contents and the defense-related genes, encoding for chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, after harvest (0 hpi), along with the jasmonate signaling-related genes FaMYC2 and FaJAZ1 at 48 h after B. cinerea inoculation (48 hpi) during postharvest storage. Although we did not find differences in gray mold incidence between the MeJA treatments and control, these results suggest that preharvest MeJA treatment from the flowering stage onwards (M3) primes defense responses mediated by the upregulation of different defense-related genes and retains the upregulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 at 48 hpi.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Identification of PTI Suppressors in Type III Effector Repertoire Reveals that Ralstonia solanacearum Activates Jasmonate Signaling at Two Different Steps

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahito Nakano ◽  
Takafumi Mukaihara
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Ros Burst ◽  
Ja Signaling ◽  
Activity Dependent

Ralstonia solanacearum is the causative agent of bacterial wilt in many plants. To identify R. solanacearum effectors that suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants, we transiently expressed R. solanacearum RS1000 effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and evaluated their ability to suppress the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by flg22. Out of the 61 effectors tested, 11 strongly and five moderately suppressed the flg22-triggered ROS burst. Among them, RipE1 shared homology with the Pseudomonas syringae cysteine protease effector HopX1. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified jasmonate-ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, which are transcriptional repressors of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway in plants, as RipE1 interactors. RipE1 promoted the degradation of JAZ repressors and induced the expressions of JA-responsive genes in a cysteine–protease-activity-dependent manner. Simultaneously, RipE1, similarly to the previously identified JA-producing effector RipAL, decreased the expression level of the salicylic acid synthesis gene that is required for the defense responses against R. solanacearum. The undecuple mutant that lacks 11 effectors with a strong PTI suppression activity showed reduced growth of R. solanacearum in Nicotiana plants. These results indicate that R. solanacearum subverts plant PTI responses using multiple effectors and manipulates JA signaling at two different steps to promote infection.

scholarly journals Synergistic Activation of Defense Responses in Arabidopsis by Simultaneous Loss of the GSL5 Callose Synthase and the EDR1 Protein Kinase

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wawrzynska ◽  
Natalie L. Rodibaugh ◽  
Roger W. Innes
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Positional Cloning ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Premature Stop Codon ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Callose Synthase ◽  
Synergistic Activation ◽  
Golovinomyces Cichoracearum ◽  
Inducible Gene

Loss-of-function mutations in the EDR1 gene of Arabidopsis confer enhanced resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum (powdery mildew). Disease resistance mediated by the edr1 mutation is dependent on an intact salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, but edr1 mutant plants do not constitutively express the SA-inducible gene PR-1 and are not dwarfed. To identify other components of the EDR1 signaling network, we screened for mutations that enhanced the edr1 mutant phenotype. Here, we describe an enhancer of edr1 mutant, eed3, which forms spontaneous lesions in the absence of pathogen infection, constitutively expresses both SA- and methyl jasmonate (JA)–inducible defense genes, and is dwarfed. Positional cloning of eed3 revealed that the mutation causes a premature stop codon in GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE 5 (GSL5, also known as POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4), which encodes a callose synthase required for pathogen-induced callose production. Significantly, gsl5 single mutants do not constitutively express PR-1 or AtERF1 (a JA-inducible gene) and are not dwarfed. Thus, loss of both EDR1 and GSL5 function has a synergistic effect. Our data suggest that EDR1 and GSL5 negatively regulate SA and JA production or signaling by independent mechanisms and that negative regulation of defense signaling by GSL5 may be independent of callose production.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis EDR1 Protein Kinase Regulates the Association of EDS1 and PAD4 to Inhibit Cell Death

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Neubauer ◽  
Irene Serrano ◽  
Natalie Rodibaugh ◽  
Deepak D. Bhandari ◽  
Jaqueline Bautor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Independent Function ◽  
Signaling Function ◽  
Golovinomyces Cichoracearum ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen ◽  
Heteromeric Association

ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) are sequence-related lipase-like proteins that function as a complex to regulate defense responses in Arabidopsis by both salicylic acid–dependent and independent pathways. Here, we describe a gain-of-function mutation in PAD4 (S135F) that enhances resistance and cell death in response to infection by the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. The mutant PAD4 protein accumulates to wild-type levels in Arabidopsis cells, thus these phenotypes are unlikely to be due to PAD4 over accumulation. The phenotypes are similar to loss-of-function mutations in the protein kinase EDR1 (Enhanced Disease Resistance1), and previous work has shown that loss of PAD4 or EDS1 suppresses edr1-mediated phenotypes, placing these proteins downstream of EDR1. Here, we show that EDR1 directly associates with EDS1 and PAD4 and inhibits their interaction in yeast and plant cells. We propose a model whereby EDR1 negatively regulates defense responses by interfering with the heteromeric association of EDS1 and PAD4. Our data indicate that the S135F mutation likely alters an EDS1-independent function of PAD4, potentially shedding light on a yet-unknown PAD4 signaling function.

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