scholarly journals Determinants of Equilibrium Selection in Network Formation: An Experiment

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Hoyer ◽  
Stephanie Rosenkranz
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Formation Experiment ◽  
The Stability

Theoretical models on network formation focus mostly on the stability and efficiency of equilibria, but they cannot deliver an understanding of why specific equilibrium networks are selected or whether they are all actually reachable from any starting network. To study factors affecting equilibrium selection, we designed a network formation experiment with multiple equilibria, which can be categorized in terms of the demand on players’ farsightedness and robustness to errors. In a second scenario, we increase the need for farsighted behavior by players, as well as the perceived riskiness of equilibria by adding a stage in which the network is disrupted. This setting allows us to analyze the interplay between the need for farsightedness and perceived risk of errors and its effect on network formation and equilibrium selection.

A Structural Econometric Analysis of Network Formation Games Through Subnetworks

Econometrica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1829-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyang Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
Partial Identification ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Large Networks ◽  
Network Formation Games ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Structural Econometric ◽  
Simultaneous Move

The objective of this paper is to identify and estimate network formation models using observed data on network structure. We characterize network formation as a simultaneous‐move game, where the utility from forming a link depends on the structure of the network, thereby generating strategic interactions between links. With the prevalence of multiple equilibria, the parameters are not necessarily point identified. We leave the equilibrium selection unrestricted and propose a partial identification approach. We derive bounds on the probability of observing a subnetwork, where a subnetwork is the restriction of a network to a subset of the individuals. Unlike the standard bounds as in Ciliberto and Tamer (2009), these subnetwork bounds are computationally tractable in large networks provided we consider small subnetworks. We provide Monte Carlo evidence that bounds from small subnetworks are informative in large networks.

scholarly journals On the stability of sequences inserted into viral genomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Willemsen ◽  
Mark P Zwart
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Heterologous Gene Expression ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Heterologous Protein Expression ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Viruses are widely used as vectors for heterologous gene expression in cultured cells or natural hosts, and therefore a large number of viruses with exogenous sequences inserted into their genomes have been engineered. Many of these engineered viruses are viable and express heterologous proteins at high levels, but the inserted sequences often prove to be unstable over time and are rapidly lost, limiting heterologous protein expression. Although virologists are aware that inserted sequences can be unstable, processes leading to insert instability are rarely considered from an evolutionary perspective. Here, we review experimental work on the stability of inserted sequences over a broad range of viruses, and we present some theoretical considerations concerning insert stability. Different virus genome organizations strongly impact insert stability, and factors such as the position of insertion can have a strong effect. In addition, we argue that insert stability not only depends on the characteristics of a particular genome, but that it will also depend on the host environment and the demography of a virus population. The interplay between all factors affecting stability is complex, which makes it challenging to develop a general model to predict the stability of genomic insertions. We highlight key questions and future directions, finding that insert stability is a surprisingly complex problem and that there is need for mechanism-based, predictive models. Combining theoretical models with experimental tests for stability under varying conditions can lead to improved engineering of viral modified genomes, which is a valuable tool for understanding genome evolution as well as for biotechnological applications, such as gene therapy.

scholarly journals Identifying Risk Factors Affecting the Usage of Digital and Social Media: A Preliminary Qualitative Study in the Dental Profession and Dental Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Rayan Sharka ◽  
Jonathan P. San Diego ◽  
Melanie Nasseripour ◽  
Avijit Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Dental Education ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
General Context ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dental Professionals

Aims: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of using DSM to provide an insight into the inherent implications this has on dental professionals in practice and trainee professionals’ education. Materials and methods: Twenty-one participants (10 dental professionals and 11 undergraduate and postgraduate dental students) participated in this qualitative study using semi-structured interviews in a dental school in the UK. The interviews were analysed and categorised into themes, some of which were identified from previous literature (e.g., privacy and psychological risks) and others emerged from the data (e.g., deceptive and misleading information). Results: The thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified nine perceived risk themes. Three themes were associated with the use of DSM in the general context, and six themes were related to the use of DSM in professional and education context. Conclusions: This study provided evidence to understand the risk factors of using DSM in dental education and the profession, but the magnitude of these risks on the uptake and usefulness of DSM needs to be assessed.

scholarly journals Competing Conventions with Costly Information Acquisition

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Roberto Rozzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Social Coordination ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Stochastic Stability Analysis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

We consider an evolutionary model of social coordination in a 2 × 2 game where two groups of players prefer to coordinate on different actions. Players can pay a cost to learn their opponent’s group: if they pay it, they can condition their actions concerning the groups. We assess the stability of outcomes in the long run using stochastic stability analysis. We find that three elements matter for the equilibrium selection: the group size, the strength of preferences, and the information’s cost. If the cost is too high, players never learn the group of their opponents in the long run. If one group is stronger in preferences for its favorite action than the other, or its size is sufficiently large compared to the other group, every player plays that group’s favorite action. If both groups are strong enough in preferences, or if none of the groups’ sizes is large enough, players play their favorite actions and miscoordinate in inter-group interactions. Lower levels of the cost favor coordination. Indeed, when the cost is low, in inside-group interactions, players always coordinate on their favorite action, while in inter-group interactions, they coordinate on the favorite action of the group that is stronger in preferences or large enough.

Stability of slender inverted flags and rods in uniform steady flow

2016 ◽  
Vol 809 ◽  
pp. 873-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Sader ◽  
Cecilia Huertas-Cerdeira ◽  
Morteza Gharib
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Uniform Flow ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Cantilever Length ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Elastic Sheets ◽  
Clamped Edge

Cantilevered elastic sheets and rods immersed in a steady uniform flow are known to undergo instabilities that give rise to complex dynamics, including limit cycle behaviour and chaotic motion. Recent work has examined their stability in an inverted configuration where the flow impinges on the free end of the cantilever with its clamped edge downstream: this is commonly referred to as an ‘inverted flag’. Theory has thus far accurately captured the stability of wide inverted flags only, i.e. where the dimension of the clamped edge exceeds the cantilever length; the latter is aligned in the flow direction. Here, we theoretically examine the stability of slender inverted flags and rods under steady uniform flow. In contrast to wide inverted flags, we show that slender inverted flags are never globally unstable. Instead, they exhibit bifurcation from a state that is globally stable to multiple equilibria of varying stability, as flow speed increases. This theory is compared with new and existing measurements on slender inverted flags and rods, where excellent agreement is observed. The findings of this study have significant implications to investigations of biological phenomena such as the motion of leaves and hairs, which can naturally exhibit a slender geometry with an inverted configuration.

CRITICAL REVIEW OF EMULSION STABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES IN OIL PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Vahideh Angardi ◽  
Ali Ettehadi ◽  
Özgün Yücel
Keyword(s):  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mathematical Explanations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

Abstract Effective separation of water and oil dispersions is considered a critical step in the determination of technical and economic success in the petroleum industry over the years. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the emulsification process and different affected parameters is essential for cost-effective oil production, transportation, and downstream processing. Numerous studies conducted on the concept of dispersion characterization indicate the importance of this concept, which deserves attention by the scientific community. Therefore, a comprehensive review study with critical analysis on significant concepts will help readers follow them easily. This study is a comprehensive review of the concept of dispersion characterization and conducted studies recently published. The main purposes of this review are to 1) Highlight flaws, 2) Outline gaps and weaknesses, 3) Address conflicts, 4) Prevent duplication of effort, 5) List factors affecting dispersion. It was found that the separation efficiency and stability of dispersions are affected by different chemical and physical factors. Factors affecting the stability of the emulsions have been studied in detail and will help to look for the right action to ensure stable emulsions. In addition, methods of ensuring stability, especially coalescence are highlighted, and coalescence mathematical explanations of phenomena are presented.

Stability and collapse of holes in liquid layers

2018 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 1130-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunjing Lv ◽  
Michael Eigenbrod ◽  
Steffen Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Film ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Capillary Length ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Film Profile ◽  
Hole Closure ◽  
Good Agreement

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the stability and collapse of holes in liquid layers on bounded substrates with various wettabilities. It is shown that for a liquid layer with a thickness of the order of the capillary length, a stable hole exists when the hole diameter is bigger than a critical value $d_{c}$. Consequently, a further increase of the liquid volume causes the hole to collapse. It is found that$d_{c}$increases with the size of the container, but its dependence on the contact angle is very weak. The experimental results are compared with theory, and good agreement is obtained. Moreover, we present investigations of the dynamics of the hole and the evolution of the liquid film profile after the collapse. The diameter of the hole during collapse and the minimum thickness of the liquid film shortly after the collapse obey different power laws with time. Simple theoretical models are developed which indicate that the collapse of the hole is triggered by surface tension and the subsequent closure process results from inertia, whereas the growth of the liquid column after hole closure results from the balance between the capillary force and inertia. Corresponding scaling coefficients are determined.

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