scholarly journals Gender Differences in Yielding to Social Influence: An Impunity Experiment

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Di Cagno ◽  
Arianna Galliera ◽  
Werner Güth ◽  
Luca Panaccione
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vector Method ◽  
Acceptance Threshold ◽  
Dictator Games

In impunity games proposers, like allocators in dictator games, can take what they want; however, responders can refuse offers deemed unsatisfactory at own cost. We modify the impunity game via allowing offers to condition of another participant’s counterfactual generosity intention. For a given pair of proposer candidates each states, via the strategy vector method, an intended and two adjusted offers: one (possibly) upward adjusted in case the intended offer of the other candidate is higher and one (possibly) downward adjusted in case it is lower. Additionally, each candidate determines an acceptance threshold for the responder role. Only one candidate in each pair is randomly selected and endowed as the actual proposer whose offer is either possibly upward or downward adjusted depending on the counterfactual offer of the other proposer candidate. The endowed proposer of one pair is matched with the non-endowed candidate of another pair in the responder role. The data confirm that counterfactual intentions of others often affect own generosity via substantial and significant average adjustments to the weakest social influence. Overall, offers seem correlated with acceptance thresholds. Furthermore, we find significant gender differences: female participants state lower intended and adjusted offers as well as acceptance thresholds and therefore appear to be less sensitive to social influence.

An Examination of Perceived Barriers to Mentoring in Public Accounting

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Kaplan ◽  
Annemarie K. Keinath ◽  
Judith C. Walo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Mentoring Relationships ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Big 5 ◽  
Local Firm

While both mentoring and peer relationships exist among some auditors in public accounting, little is known about these relationships. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence on perceived barriers to mentoring and peer relationships in public accounting. Analysis of responses indicated three interpretable factors representing barriers to forming mentoring relationships. First, participants without a mentor perceived greater barriers from access to mentors and from willingness of the mentor. Gender differences were significant in all three factors. Partners perceived barriers from access to mentors to be lower than those perceived by the other ranks. Finally, willingness of the mentor was perceived to be a greater barrier by local firm participants than by intermediate or Big 5 firm participants.

The Impact of Harmful Habits on Academic Performance and Sports Activities among Young People

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
Victoria Yermilova ◽  
◽  
Natalia Stroiteleva ◽  
Zhanna Egorova ◽  
Ekaterina Vanina
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sports Activities

Smoking and alcohol consumption is a growing trend among young people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide students with a comparative analysis of adherence to harmful habits (smoking and alcohol) on the one hand and the frequency of sports and academic performance on the other, taking into account gender differences. The research was conducted in 2019-2020 in 5 cities of Russia; the sample included 1500 people aged 18.4 ± 1.1 years, divided into three equal groups. The control (first) group had students who are not engaged in sports, and the second group comprised students practicing sports but not professionally. The third group was made up of student-athletes. All participants were surveyed to determine the frequency of adherence to harmful habits. In the control group, boys smoked 50% more often than girls (p ≤ 0.05), while in the third group, smoking among boys was registered 70 times less often (p ≤ 0.001). Alcohol consumption in controls was 0.5 times more likely among boys (p ≤ 0.05). Harmful habits affect young people's free time and reduce their academic performance and ability to practice sports.

Communication Process in Family Reinforcing the Gender Differences in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Sabiha Yeasmin Rosy ◽  
Md. Mynul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
Public World ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Family is an important institution to build a person's personality, morality, value and attitude. When this institution communicates properly, it shows the impact e.g. a boy or a girl becomes social human being. Unfortunately in our family gender biasness is reinforced continuously by starting to behave differently with boys and girls from the childhood. Parents communicate with them in a different way which constructs the traits of “masculinity” and “femininity”. Girls are compelled to learn the feminine role with politeness, submissiveness and their mobility is restricted in public world. It is a family which trains a girl to be a good mother, wife, sister or daughter, on the other hand a boy learns to be social, intellectual, able to run the world and strong. This different formation of role and behavior results in the ongoing discrimination everywhere in the society. This reinforcement is sort of relief from social stigmatization but has overall negative impact on life and through this family can be counted as the main birthplace of discrimination against women. Girls and boys must be raised neutrally to eradicate the gender differences and ensure the equality.

Gender and Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Didem Koban Koç
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Teaching Program ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings

The present study investigated gender differences in the use of linguistic features as well as the social meanings attached to those differences. Academic essays, written by 44 (22 male, 22 female) first-year undergraduate students enrolled in the English Language Teaching program at a government university were analyzed with respect to the use of linguistic features (adjectives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, linking adverbials) as well as the number of words and sentences used by the students. The results showed that, in comparison to males, females used more adjectives, intensifiers, and words. Males, on the other hand, used more empty adjectives and linking adverbials than females. Based on the results, pedagogical implications are discussed, and recommendations are provided in order to increase teachers' awareness of gender differences and improve students' writing skills.

The Moderating Effect of Motivation to Comply and Perceived Critical Mass in Smartphones' Adoption

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdou Illia ◽  
Assion Lawson-Body ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
Gurkan I Akalin
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The testing of the technology acceptance model over the years has shown that its explanatory power is about 50%; which led researchers to revisit the model in an attempt to gain a better understanding of technology adoption. Some of the studies found social influence to be a key factor, but others have yielded mixed results. This article questions the assumption made in some previous studies that most people would comply with social influence. Using data collected from 210 smartphone users, we investigated the moderating effect of motivation to comply on the relationship between social influence, on the one hand, and perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use on the other hand. Also, based on the theory of critical mass, we investigated the moderating effect of the perceived critical mass on the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on the one hand, and actual usage on the other hand. The results showed a significant moderating effect of both motivation to comply and perceived critical mass. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cañas ◽  
Estefanía Estévez ◽  
Celeste León-Moreno ◽  
Gonzalo Musitu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Communication ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Academic Competence ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
The One

The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.

Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Chinese Students in Japan

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuh Huey Jou ◽  
Hiromi Fukada
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Cultural Adjustment ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Length Of Residence

The present study examined responses of 92 Chinese students in Japan to questionnaires which included adjustment items selected from work of Baker in 1981 and Uehara in 1988. These items were classified by factor analysis into four scales of Emotional, Academic, Cultural-Social, and Environmental. Adjustment scores on the Environmental scale were higher than those on the other three scales. Country of origin was a significant influence only for scores on the Environmental scale. Students who came from Taiwan scored higher on adjustment. There were gender differences on Emotional and Academic scales; male students reported higher adjustment. The effects of students' length of residence and proficiency in the Japanese language could be seen in scores on Academic and Cultural-Social scales; the students who had a longer period of stay or had higher proficiency in Japanese language had higher scores on adjustment. Thus, results indicated that personal differences were reflected in subfactors of adjustment.

Self-regulation of the newlyweds in Taiwan: Goals and strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 2674-2690
Author(s):  
Szu-Chia Chang ◽  
Jenny Hsiu-Ying Chang ◽  
Meng-Yeow Low ◽  
Tzu-Chin Chen ◽  
Shih-Hsien Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
The Other ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Depth Interviews

The aim of this study is to explore the goals and strategies of self-regulation of the newlyweds in Taiwan. Through in-depth interviews with eight newlywed couples ( N = 16), qualitative data were gathered and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that, under the influence of their cultural values, the newlywed participants pursue the goals of genuine harmony and superficial harmony in their self-regulation for marital adjustment. Genuine harmony can be attained through people’s fulfillment of their role norms in in-law relationships and establishment of affiliations with spouses in marital relationships. On the other hand, superficial harmony can be maintained by people through keeping sketchy relationships with their in-laws and inhibiting anger to prevent open conflicts with their spouses. To achieve relational harmony, various strategies of self-regulation were used depending on the situations involved. Such strategies direct to the principle of zhong-yong (the Doctrine of Mean) involving holistic information processing and avoidance of extremities in implementation. Gender differences in self-regulation were found in both goals and strategies.

scholarly journals Social Influence of Competing Groups and Leaders in Opinion Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Glass ◽  
David H. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper explores the influence of two competing stubborn agent groups on the opinion dynamics of normal agents. Computer simulations are used to investigate the parameter space systematically in order to determine the impact of group size and extremeness on the dynamics and identify optimal strategies for maximizing numbers of followers and social influence. Results show that (a) there are many cases where a group that is neither too large nor too small and neither too extreme nor too central achieves the best outcome, (b) stubborn groups can have a moderating, rather than polarizing, effect on the society in a range of circumstances, and (c) small changes in parameters can lead to transitions from a state where one stubborn group attracts all the normal agents to a state where the other group does so. We also explore how these findings can be interpreted in terms of opinion leaders, truth, and campaigns.

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