scholarly journals Does Implicit Bias Predict Dictator Giving?

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Daniel Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Meaningful Difference

Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicative of the meaningful difference between having an implicit bias and acting on one. As such, results can be thought of as a bound on the external validity of the IAT.

Persuading the Implicit Mind: Changing Negative Implicit Evaluations With an 8-Minute Podcast

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110371
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Thomas C. Mann ◽  
Melissa J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Trophy Hunting ◽  
American Students

Implicit evaluations can be malleable via reinterpretation of previously encountered evidence. Here, we report three studies ( N = 1,007) investigating the robustness of this updating modality using ecologically realistic materials. Participants were first introduced to a target who killed an endangered black rhino in Namibia. They then listened to a real podcast providing counterattitudinal information on the benefits of trophy hunting. The podcast resulted in considerable revisions of initially negative implicit evaluations toward positivity, consistently across implicit measures (affect misattribution procedures vs. implicit association test), samples (American students vs. nonstudents from various countries), study settings (lab vs. online), and the presence versus absence of a memory retrieval manipulation prompting reflection on participants’ views on trophy hunting. Taken together, these findings suggest that reinterpretation can shift implicit evaluations of even highly negative targets, including under conditions of external validity.

Using implicit associations towards fruit consumption to understand fruit consumption behaviour and habit strength relationships

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert-Jan de Bruijn ◽  
Mario Keer ◽  
Mark Conner ◽  
Ryan E. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Habit Strength ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Fruit Consumption ◽  
Consumption Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Consumption Habits

An implicit association test (IAT) was used to investigate how habit strength, implicit attitudes and fruit consumption interrelate. Fifty-two participants completed a computerized IAT and provided measures of fruit consumption and related habit strength. Implicit attitudes moderated the habit strength—fruit consumption relationship; stronger relationships were observed when implicit attitudes were more positive. Amongst those with strong fruit habits, more positive associations with fruit were found for those who had recently consumed sufficient fruits compared to those who had not. Findings demonstrate the relevance of implicit positive associations in understanding the relationship between fruit consumption habits and subsequent fruit consumption.

scholarly journals The Implicit Association Test at age 20: What is known and what is not known about implicit bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Greenwald ◽  
Miguel Brendl ◽  
Huajian Cai ◽  
Dario Cvencek ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Apply Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Large Corpus

[Version 3 (uploaded 21 April 2020) provides corrected list of co-authors and commenters; the ms. is otherwise unchanged from Versions 1 and 2.] Scientific interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has produced a large corpus of empirical findings. In addition to much evidence for validity and usefulness of Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures, there have been psychological critiques of empirical findings and theoretical disagreements about interpretation of IAT findings. Because of public attention drawn by the concept of implicit bias, commercial and other applications based on the concept of implicit bias have been developed by non-psychologists—some of these applications are not appropriately guided by the existing body of research findings. This article is in 5 parts: (1) review of best practices for research use of IAT measures, (2) summary of what has been confidently learned from empirical research using IAT measures, (3) accepted and controversial theoretical interpretations of IAT findings, (4) significant questions about the IAT and implicit bias that still await answer, and (5) questions arising in attempts to apply research findings to remedy unintended discrimination due to implicit biases.

scholarly journals Mixing the implicit: A Linear Mixed-Effects Models approach for a Rasch analysis of the Implicit Association Test and the Single Category Implicit Association Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia M. Epifania ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi ◽  
Egidio Robusto
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Rasch Analysis ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Single Category

<div>The indirect investigation of psychological constructs has become prominent in social sciences thanks to the so-called implicit measures. Different implicit measures can be administered concurrently to the same respondents for obtaining detailed and multifaceted information on the constructs of interest. In this study, a Rasch analysis of accuracy and time responses of two commonly used implicit measures is presented. The focus in on the concurrent administration of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) and the Single Category IAT (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006). Linear Mixed-Effects Models are used to address the within– and between–measures sources of variability and to obtain a Rasch parametrization of the data. By disentangling the respondent’s contribution from the stimulus contribution to the observed responses, these models allow for delving deeper on the functioning of the IAT and the SC-IAT, as well as for grasping a better understanding of the processes driving a behavioral decision. Implications of the results for social sciences and future research directions are discussed.</div>

scholarly journals The Implicit Association Test in health professions education: A meta-narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javeed Sukhera ◽  
Michael Wodzinski ◽  
Maham Rehman ◽  
Cristina M. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Health Professions Education ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Critical Reflexivity

Abstract Introduction Implicit bias is a growing area of interest among educators. Educational strategies used to elicit awareness of implicit biases commonly include the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Although the topic of implicit bias is gaining increased attention, emerging critique of the IAT suggests the need to subject its use to greater theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Methods The authors employed a meta-narrative synthesis to review existing research on the use of the IAT in health professions education. Four databases were searched using key terms yielding 1151 titles. After title, abstract and full-text screening, 38 articles were chosen for inclusion. Coding and analysis of articles sought a meaningful synthesis of educational approaches relating to the IAT, and the assumptions and theoretical positions that informed these approaches. Results Distinct, yet complementary, meta-narratives were found in the literature. The dominant perspective utilizes the IAT as a metric of implicit bias to evaluate the success of an educational activity. A contrasting narrative describes the IAT as a tool to promote awareness while triggering discussion and reflection. Discussion Whether used as a tool to measure bias, raise awareness or trigger reflection, the use of the IAT provokes tension between distinct meta-narratives, posing a challenge to educators. Curriculum designers should consider the premise behind the IAT before using it, and be prepared to address potential reactions from learners such as defensiveness or criticism. Overall, findings suggest that educational approaches regarding implicit bias require critical reflexivity regarding assumptions, values and theoretical positioning related to the IAT.

Exploring the Explicit and Implicit Appeal of Retro Sport Logos

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-307
Author(s):  
Brendan Dwyer ◽  
Zach Scola ◽  
Joris Drayer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Sport Marketing ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Test Preference

The current multi-study examination explored explicit and implicit appeal of a prominent form of retro sport marketing: retro team logos. Study 1 utilized the stimuli-organism-response framework to test preference differences between those offered team merchandise with a retro logo and those offered the same merchandise with the current logo. Statistically significant preference differences were not uncovered, yet it was found that previous exposure to the retro logo negatively impacted preference of the retro logo. Based on these results, Study 2 utilized an implicit association test to assess the style appeal of retro and current logos. This assessment, once again, found no difference in the explicit preference for the retro and current logos, yet an implicit bias of freshness toward the current logo and outdatedness toward the retro logo was found. Together, the results provide preliminary evidence of the ephemeral impact of retro team logos within a professional sports context.

scholarly journals How do different elements of a warning message influence spontaneous reaction to the warning and intended behavioural change? A factorial survey experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Popovic ◽  
Julia Asseburg ◽  
Sebastian Weber
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Warning Message ◽  
Spontaneous Reaction

&lt;p&gt;Weather warnings serve the purpose of informing the public about potentially dangerous weather events so that they can take precautionary measures to avoid harm and damages. However, weather warning are often not user-oriented, which leads to poor understanding and low compliance rate. Moreover, warnings are often received during daily activities when the decision whether to respond to the warning might be taken within only a few seconds. The present study focuses on the question, which elements of a warning message are the most important to influence the spontaneous reaction to the warning and the intention to take action.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a factorial survey experiment with 2000 Swiss citizen, we tested the influence of different elements of a warning message on people&amp;#8217;s spontaneous appraisal of the warning and their intended behavioural change. The elements of the warning message we tested for were physical values (e.g. amount of rain in mm.), impact information, behavioural recommendations, warning level and labels for the severity of the event (e.g. &amp;#8220;very severe&amp;#8221;). We used an implicit association test to measure spontaneous appraisal of the warning message with respect to understanding, trust, risk perception and personal relevance. After the implicit association test, participants explicitly answered whether they would change their behaviour in response to the warning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The experimental setup allows us to test for causal relations between the different elements of the warning message and the spontaneous reaction and intended behavioural response. Measuring the implicit associations provides us with a better understanding of the first reactions triggered by the warning elements and how that impacts intended behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results (available by the end of April) will shed light on the question which information is the most important to serve as a wake-up call &amp;#8211; a question that becomes even more relevant as warnings are increasingly transmitted via push-notifications on mobile phones. At the same time, our study provides a further insight into the cognitive process that underlies the decision to take protective actions.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Children’s implicit food cognition: Developing a food Implicit Association Test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine M DeJesus ◽  
Susan A. Gelman ◽  
Julie C. Lumeng
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Implicit Stereotypes

Assessing children’s reasoning about food, including their health knowledge and their food preferences, is an important step toward understanding how health messages may influence children’s food choices. However, in many studies, assessing children’s reasoning relies on parent report or could be susceptible to social pressure from adults. To address these limitations, the present study describes the development of a food version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT has been used to examine children’s implicit stereotypes about social groups, yet few studies have used the IAT in other domains (such as food cognition). Four- to 12-year-olds (n = 123) completed the food IAT and an explicit card sort task, in which children assessed foods based on their perception of the food’s healthfulness (healthy vs. unhealthy) and palatability (yummy vs. yucky). Surprisingly, children demonstrated positive implicit associations towards vegetables. This pattern may reflect children’s health knowledge, given that the accuracy of children’s healthfulness ratings in the card sort task positively predicted children’s food IAT d-scores. Implications for both food cognition and the IAT are discussed.

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