scholarly journals On the Collective Choice among Models of Social Protection: An Experimental Study

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Francesco Farina ◽  
Stefania Ottone ◽  
Ferruccio Ponzano
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Veil Of Ignorance ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Risk Insurance ◽  
Relevant Finding ◽  
Low Ability

A real-effort experiment is conducted in order to detect preferences for one out of three different models of the Welfare State characterized by different tax-and-transfer schemes. We reproduce a small society in the lab where: Subjects are grouped in three stylized classes (the rich, the middle class and the poor) on the basis of their performance in a real-effort activity; income and risk are assigned according to the class; tax revenue is spent to refund unlucky people and to provide a public good. Experimental subjects must choose (both under and without a veil of ignorance concerning their position in the society created in the lab) among (a) a baseline proportional scheme, where the State is neutral with respect to risk heterogeneity; (b) an actuarially fair scheme where low ability and low earnings subjects bear full individual responsibility for risk exposure and (c) a progressive scheme where mutual risk insurance spreads risk across all subjects such that low ability and low earnings individuals are compensated. Our most relevant finding is that preference is motivated less by a justice principle and more by self-interested considerations on the expectations surrounding one’s own position in the society.

IMPROVING TAX ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE UGANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalia Kangave
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Internal Revenue ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

KANGAVE, JALIA, Improving tax administration: a case study of the Uganda Revenue authority, Journal of African Law, 49, 2 (2005): 145–176The prevalence of poverty in developing countries demands that these countries should improvise internal revenue generating projects to supplement, or better still, ultimately significantly reduce dependence on foreign funding. This way self-sustaining economies will be built. One such internal revenue-generating mechanism, and perhaps the most commonly used, is taxation. This paper makes a case for tax administration as a tool of increasing the contribution of tax revenue to Gross Domestic Product, and consequently, a means of reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. The goal of this paper is to propose ways in which the Uganda Revenue Authority (the URA) can improve its tax administration. To achieve this objective, the paper begins with a detailed discussion of the URA's structure and the procedures it follows in collecting taxes. It then highlights the problems that may arise from such structure and procedures, before making proposals on how the URA can reform its organizational structure and processes to maximize its potential in revenue collection capabilities.

scholarly journals Three Shortcomings of the Social Investment Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bea Cantillon ◽  
Wim Van Lancker
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
The Social

In this article we critically assess the social investment perspective that has become the dominant paradigm in European social policymaking. We identify and discuss some of its shortcomings that may hamper social progress for all. In doing so, we focus on three pillars central to the idea of social investment: social inclusion through work, individual responsibility and human capital investment. We find that the social investment perspective has some serious flaws when it comes to the social protection of vulnerable groups. This is strongly related to the continuing relevance of social class in explaining and remedying social inequalities. We conclude that investment cannot be the only rationale for welfare state intervention and that protecting people should remain equally high on the policy agenda.

scholarly journals Digitalisation as a means of anti-corruption legal policy in the sphere of health care

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Anzhela V. Meshcheryakova ◽  
Andrey P. Mazurenko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Effective Use

The article deals with issues of combating corruption in the health sector. The authors note that the level of corruption in general and in the healthcare sector, in particular, continues to grow. The main reasons causing corruption crimes in the mentioned area are analysed among which, the low level of income and social protection of health care workers stand out; the stratification of Russian health care "for the rich", "middle class" and "for the poor"; corporate solidarity of medical workers in concealing corruption in the health sector; forced participation of citizens in the corruption of health care, etc. The authors propose anti-corruption tools, one of which may be digitalisation and the effective use of medical information systems and technologies. In their opinion, digitalisation in the field of healthcare should lead to the complete satisfaction of the population’s need for medical care, its optimisation, quality improvement and cost reduction, and, accordingly, more effective anti-corruption efforts.

scholarly journals Revenue Sharing Arrangements: Options and Relative Merits (The Mahbub ul Haq Memorial Lecture)

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4I) ◽  
pp. 311-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
World War ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Government Role ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time

The decades immediately after World War Two saw: (a) the spreading of ideas, rightly or wrongly attributed to John Maynard Keynes, that called for a larger government role in the economy; (b) the growing popularity of socialism; and (c) the creation of the United Nations, an event that gave a global voice to the citizens of lowincome countries and that provided statistics that, for the first time pointed to the big differences in living standards that existed between the so-called “developed” or “advanced” countries and the “underdeveloped”, or “developing” countries, and between the rich and the poor within specific countries. Those decades witnessed a period of fast growth in the activities of governments and especially in those of the central governments. The central governments of many countries assumed increasingly important and wider roles and functions. See Tanzi (2011) forthcoming, and Tanzi (2008). The governments of many countries tried to raise their tax revenue to be able to increase public investment, to create needed infrastructure and to provide better social services, such as education, health, and social assistance, to their citizens. In those decades the importance and the revenue needs of national or central governments grew and the literature on “taxable capacity” became a popular branch of economics. Especially developing countries needed more government revenues and more taxes to be able to grow.

Empirical Understanding of Social Protection Programmes in Southwest Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: A Postmodern Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Md Mostafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Institutional Governance ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Social protection programmes in Bangladesh aimed at reducing the vulnerability of the poor has become exceptionally challenging because of high exposure to weak institutional governance, and frequent natural disasters. As a matter of fact, both the coverage and the types of social protection programmes have been expanded to support the extremely poor households in Bangladesh over the last decade. However, the boundaries between ‘protection approach’ associated with risk reduction and ‘promotion approach’ regarded as the pathways to raise incomes and employment opportunities of the poor have remained understated in policy discourse. This paper addresses how an Interpretivist methodology can be used in exploring the current complexities of social protection programmes in extremely poor households with reference to disaster-affected areas in southwest coastal Bangladesh, giving a particular attention to the interpretation of the beneficiaries as well as service providers. This paper employs an interpretative framework for collecting qualitative data because of its ability to make sense of the complex situations of social protection programmes by generating multicontextual information provided by the beneficiaries of social protection programmes. During the initial fieldwork of the research, the research participants pointed out that there exist strong prevalence and dominance of local politics considered as ‘underlying issues’ in the delivering process of social protection programmes, which is further associated with power-relation between the rich and poor class of the society. However, the current policy discourses of social protection programmes have overlooked those highly pertinent phenomena both in local and national context. This paper argues that the aspects of availability, accessibility and utilisation of social protection programmes is not straightforward as each aspect is further associated with social relations and complex social understanding. An interpretive methodology along with illustrative data collection and analysis techniques can become effective to explore those complex societal understanding related with social protection programmes. Finally, within the adopted interpretive framework, the integrated view related with availability, accessibility and utilisation aspects of social protection programmes need to be addressed while creating a sense of meaning and understanding of overall situation of social protection programmes.

scholarly journals Solidarity and Reciprocity in the Social Investment State: What Can be Learned from the Case of Flemish School Allowances and Truancy?

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEA CANTILLON ◽  
WIM VAN LANCKER
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disciplinary Policy ◽  
Policy Shift

AbstractIn this article, we discuss some of the new tensions that are emerging between the different foundations of the welfare state. Several developments have led to the advent of the social investment state, in which people are being activated and empowered instead of passively protected. We argue that this social policy shift has been accompanied by a normative shift towards a more stringent interpretation of social protection in which individual responsibility and quid pro quo have become the primordial focus. Using the Belgian (Flemish) disciplinary policy on truancy and school allowances as a case in point, we demonstrate that this social policy paradigm may have detrimental consequences for society's weakest: they will not always be able to meet the newly emerged standard of reciprocity. This implies an erosion of the ideal of social protection and encourages new forms of social exclusion. As these changes in the social policy framework are not confined to the Belgian case alone, our analysis bears relevance for all European welfare states.

scholarly journals Don’t be a waster! Student perceptions of recycling strategies at an English University’s halls of residence

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Dixon ◽  
Jonathan Parker
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Climate Crisis

Purpose This paper aims to explore student perceptions of recycling and explore whether one university’s strategy helped or hindered student recycling in their university's halls of residence. There is near-universal acknowledgement of the urgency of the climate crisis, yet household recycling rates remain low at 45.2%. Student-recycling rates have been suggested to be even lower. After a brief consideration of the recent history of sustainability and recycling, this paper identifies the actions required to increase student recycling, including peer influence, education and information, physical structures and attitudes and motivations. Design/methodology/approach Twelve in-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken at one Southern English university. The rich, qualitative data obtained were then analysed thematically. The theory of environmentally significant behaviour provided a framework for understanding perceptions and behaviours in that site. Findings Confirming aspects of existing literature, students’ recycling behaviours were found to be limited through lack of perceived ability, lack of facilities and unconfident knowledge. Students were also found to be limiting their own actions. A holistic approach including peer influence, education and information, physical structures and attitudes and motivations was recommended. Originality/value There is little research into student recycling behaviours and limited literature concerning halls of residence, especially in the UK. This paper draws on one case to add to nascent understandings. While limited to one site and by sample size, a number of recommendations are made, covering university facilities, student empowerment and individual responsibility to increase future recycling.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH SISWA SD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DENGAN MODEL DISKURSUS MULTY REPRESENTATION (DMR)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deti Rostika ◽  
Herni Junita
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Mathematical Problem Solving ◽  
Mathematics Model ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Low Ability

Abstract: Mathematics is a science that is universal and able to integrate with other subjects. One of the goals of mathematics learning based on Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan is to understand, explain and apply mathematical concepts in the context of problem solving. But in the field, the students tend to difficulties in resolving problems related to problem solving in mathematics. This is due to the low ability students in mathematical problem solving in students' learning because not used to thinking creatively. It required a real effort to improve students' problem-solving abilities in mathematics. One of the measures taken namely through mathematics model Multy Discourse Representation (DMR). Learning with models DMR is one alternative that can be used because it exposes students to work in groups, in order to issue a power of representation held by the students.Keyword: Problem solving ability, DMR Model, Mathematic learning. Abstrak: Matematika merupakan suatu ilmu yang sifatnya universal dan mampu berintegrasi dengan mata pelajaran lain. Salah satu tujuan pembelajaran matematika berdasarkan kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan adalah memahami, menjelaskan dan mengaplikasikan konsep matematika dalam konteks pemecahan masalah. Namun dalam pelaksanaan di lapangan, siswa cenderung kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan persoalan terkait pemecahan masalah dalam pembelajaran matematika. Hal ini disebabkan rendahnya kemampuan siswa dalam pemecahan masalah matematis karena dalam pembelajaran siswa tidak terbiasa berpikir secara kreatif. Untuk itu diperlukan upaya nyata dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika. Salah satu upaya yang diambil yakni melalui pembelajaran matematika dengan model Diskursus Multy Representation (DMR). Pembelajaran dengan model DMR merupakan salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan karena menghadapkan siswa kepada bekerja secara berkelompok, supaya dapat mengeluarkan daya representasi yang dimiliki oleh diri siswa.Kata kunci: Kemampuan pemecahan masalah, Model DMR, Pembelajaran matematika

Opportunity and Solidarity

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER TAYLOR-GOOBY
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Liberal Individualism ◽  
Good Access

AbstractCurrent restructuring of provision across European welfare states emphasises proactivity, individual responsibility and access to opportunities. Much established social protection rests on a more passive approach and seeks to provide security against the risks encountered during a normal life-course, together with some redistribution towards the poor. A more liberal individualism may suit a more globalised and post-industrial world in which the logic of markets is more powerful and the working class correspondingly weaker. From one perspective, it risks damaging the support for collective provision on which the welfare state rests. This paper uses data from the 2008 European Social Survey to examine whether the shift in responsibility for outcomes more towards individuals may threaten the political legitimacy of welfare states. It shows that a corresponding proactivity of government to secure good access to more equal opportunities for vulnerable groups is required to support individual proactivity in grasping opportunities.

Bride Price Payment and Justification of Sexual Violence Among Women in Ghana*These authors contributed equally to this work.

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096667
Author(s):  
Joseph Kojo Oduro ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽  
Francis Sambah ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Bride Price ◽  
Legal Consequences

Although insights on bride price and domestic violence have been explored in Ghana, very little is known about payment of bride price and the justification of sexual violence. We investigated the payment of bride price and justification of sexual violence among women ( N = 4,222) in Ghana, dwelling on the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Two binary logistic regression models were fitted. We adjusted for significant sociodemographic variables. The findings revealed that women whose partners had paid their bride price had higher odds [ OR = 1.54; CI = 1.174, 2.00] of justifying sexual violence, compared to those whose partners had not paid. We found that women with primary [AOR = 0.55; CI = 0.44–0.71] and secondary/higher [AOR = 0.47; CI = 0.36–0.60] levels of education had lower odds of accepting sexual violence. Women in the rich wealth quintile [AOR = 0.32; CI = 0.22, 0.46] had lower odds of justifying sexual violence. Our study has illustrated the need for women to appreciate that payment of bride price does not imply that their fundamental human rights have been bought by men, but they rather become partners. This information can form part of premarriage counselling and human rights initiatives by the Ministry of Gender and Social Protection. That is, the content of marriage counselling may be expanded to include issues on IPV, its implications, and legal consequences. Such information can develop personal realization and urge women to report any violent advances to the police and appropriate authorities for the required legal action to be taken. This may deter others to desist from violence perpetration against women. At the community level, chiefs and other leaders of high repute can be made anti-IPV ambassadors. The Ministry of Health and other nongovernmental anti-violence organizations can also collaborate to strengthen education on anti-sexual violence programs by using the mass media.

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