scholarly journals Sediment Deposition within Rainwater: Case Study Comparison of Four Different Sites in Ikorodu, Nigeria

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka K. John ◽  
Jaan H. Pu ◽  
Manish Pandey ◽  
Prashanth R. Hanmaiahgari
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Sediment Mixing ◽  
Key Factor

Building roofs represents a critical pathway for sediment mixing with rainwater. This study aims to explore the correlation between roof-top deposited sediment matter in the different areas of the Ikorodu Local Government Area in Lagos, Nigeria. The deposition rate on the roof was studied for 34 weeks in total (i.e., 17 weekly analyses in the rainy season and 17 weekly analyses in the dry season). The total deposition was collected by a 10 inch funnel and directed into a 5 L container, which was partially filled with sterilised water. The roof-top deposition in four different areas was inspected and analysed. The four areas were selected based on the levels of sanitation and vegetation. The experimental results showed that the enumerated total depositions in different areas were higher in the dry season than the rainy season, with the highest deposition occurring in the Harmattan period. The data obtained from this study have evidenced that the contamination from roof-harvested rainwater can mainly be attributed to atmospheric deposition. Another key factor was the hygiene and sanitation of the harvesting areas, including the gutter, pipes and proximity to animal faeces.

OUTCOME UNCERTAINTY AND INTERESTEDNESS IN GAME-PLAYING: A CASE STUDY USING SYNCHRONIZED HEX

2006 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRO CINCOTTI ◽  
HIROYUKI IIDA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Key Factor

Outcome uncertainty is a key-factor to measure the interestedness of a game because people are not attracted by the game where the outcome is easily predictable. To create new variants of classical games is quite easy but to refine solved games, in order to make them much more fascinating, is challenging. We introduce two simple techniques (synchronism and stochastic elements) to refine the game of Hex. Experimental results show an increment of the outcome uncertainty defined as entropic function.

scholarly journals Comparison of Rainfall Forecasting in Simple Moving Average (SMA) and Weighted Moving Average (WMA) Methods (Case Study at Village of Gampong Blang Bintang, Big Aceh District-Sumatera-Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Siti Rusdiana ◽  
Syarifah Meurah Yuni ◽  
Delia Khairunnisa
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Weighted Moving Average

The changing climate causes rainfall to vary from period to period. This change has an impact on society, especially in agriculture such as crop failure. This study aims to predict rainfall in 2018 and 2019 with the Simple Moving Average (SMA) method and the Weighted Moving Average (WMA) method. Based on 2004-2018 data, the dry season occurs in February-October and the rainy season in November-January. The level of validation of forecasters in 2018 according to each the SMA method and the WMA method were 43.43% and 40.69%, respectively. Both of these methods are low and reasonable or acceptable. Based on the SMA method, the division of the dry season in 2019 is estimated in February-October while the distribution of the rainy season in the same year is in December-January. Based on the WMA Method that the distribution of the dry season is estimated in February-April, June-September and the rainy season in October-January and May.

scholarly journals ANALISA POTENSI CURAH HUJAN BERDASARKAN DATA DISTRIBUSI AWAN DAN DATA TEMPERATURE BLACKBODY DI KOTOTABANG SUMATERA BARAT( ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL POTENCY BASED ON CLOUD DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPERATURE BLACKBODY DATA IN KOTOTABANG)

Agromet ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Turyanti ◽  
I. Sunarsih ◽  
E. Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
Precipitation Increase

<p>Precipitation in West Sumatera was influenced by monsoon circulation and its position in equator, and also the topography of Bukit Barisan. This study is designed to learn more about characteristics of precipitation in West Sumatera (case study in Kototabang) using cloud distribution data from XDR and Temperature Black Body (TBB). The result shows the precipitation increase on the end of February, and XDR data represents the clouds are convective, and also TBB data increasing at the same time. This is the early of rainy season in West Sumatera. On the other season, in the middle of July, the intensity of precipitation decreased, and XDR data shows much clouds are formed, but the rainfall wasvery rare until August. The TBB data also represents decreasing of top clouds temperature, so dry season in West Sumatera begin in the middle of July.</p><p>--------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>Curah hujan Sumatera Barat selain dipengaruhi oleh sirkulasi monsoon, juga dipengaruhi oleh posisinya yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa serta kondisi topografi lokal yang berpegunungan. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang karakteristik curah hujan wilayah Sumatera Barat khususnya Kototabang berdasar distribusi awan dan Temperature Black Body (TBB). Data curah hujan yang dianalisa adalah data curah hujan bulan Januari dan Februari 2004 (menjelang musim hujan), serta bulan Juli dan Agustus 2004 (musim kemarau). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas curah hujan mulai meningkat pada akhir bulan Februari, dan didukung oleh data kondisi awan dari XDR yang menunjukkan pada waktu tersebut awan yang tumbuh adalah awan-awan konvektif yang berpotensi menjadi hujan, serta grafik suhu puncak awan (TBB) yang meningkat tajam. Pada musim kemarau, curah hujan yang rendah terjadi mulai pertengahan Juli. Pada periode 3 Agustus sampai 12 Agustus tidak terjadi hujan. Jumlah awan yang terbentuk pada saat musim kemarau lebih banyak dibandingkan musim hujan tetapi tidak potensial untuk terjadi hujan lebat. Data TBB pada periode ini menurun drastis yang menunjukkan suhu puncak awan yang rendah, tidak berpotensi untuk terjadi hujan.</p>

scholarly journals Where have all the parasites gone? Unusual Plasmodium falciparum monoparasitaemia in a cross-sectional malariometric survey in northern Nigeria

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Usman Nasir Nakakana ◽  
Ben O. Onankpa ◽  
Ismaila Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Ridwan M. Jega ◽  
Nma Muhammad Jiya
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complicated Malaria ◽  
North Western

Background: Malaria is caused by one of five currently known Plasmodium parasite species causing disease in humans. While modelling has provided information of the vector, the same is not entirely the case for the parasite. The World Malaria reports of 2014 to 2016 reported 100% of confirmed cases from Nigeria being due to Plasmodium falciparum. Generally, about 98% of cases of uncomplicated malaria in most regions surveyed in Nigeria recently is due to P. falciparum, with the remainder being due to P. malariae. This study aimed to determine the proportions of Plasmodium parasites causing uncomplicated malaria in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, north-western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted during the rainy season and dry season in north-western Nigeria. The area has a ‘local steppe’ climate and Sudanian Savannah vegetation. Sampling was via multistage cluster sampling. Selected participants were examined for pallor, palpable splenomegaly and signs of complicated malaria. Blood samples were also taken for rapid diagnosis of malaria and thick and thin films to identify parasitaemia and the parasite species. Participants found to have malaria were treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine and those with complicated malaria were referred to the nearest hospital.  Results: We found a parasite prevalence of 34.8% overall, which was higher in the rainy season (49.3%) than in the dry season (20.2%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, irrespective of the clinical status of the participant. Mapping of the parasite was extended throughout the Local Government Area and the State. Conclusions: Despite the intermediate endemicity in the area. P. falciparum monoparasitaemia affirms theories of disappearance of other parasite species, either due to faltering control of P. falciparum or more efficient control of other species.

scholarly journals Physically controlled CO<sub>2</sub> effluxes from a reservoir surface in the upper Mekong River Basin: a case study in the Gongguoqiao Reservoir

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2205-2219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lin ◽  
Xixi Lu ◽  
Shaoda Liu ◽  
Shie-Yui Liong ◽  
Kaidao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Insufficient Time ◽  
Pelagic Area

Abstract. Impounding alters the carbon transport in rivers. To quantify this effect, we measured CO2 effluxes from a mountainous valley-type reservoir in the upper Mekong River (known as Lancang River in China). CO2 evasion rates from the reservoir surface were 408±337 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 in the dry season and 305±262 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 in the rainy season much lower than those from the riverine channels (1567±2312 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 at the main stem and 905±1536 mg CO2 m−2 d−1 at the tributary). Low effluxes in the pelagic area were caused by low allochthonous organic carbon (OC) inputs and photosynthetic uptake of CO2. A negative relationship between CO2 efflux and water temperature suggested CO2 emissions at the pelagic area were partly offset by photosynthesis in the warmer rainy season. CO2 emissions from the reservoir outlet and littoral area, which were usually considered hotspots of CO2 emissions, had a low contribution to the total emission because of epilimnion water spilling and a small area of the littoral zones. Yet at the river inlets effluxes were much higher in the dry season than in the rainy season because different mixing modes occurred in the two seasons. When the river joined the receiving waterbody in the dry season, warmer and lighter inflow became an overflow and large amounts of CO2 were released to the atmosphere as the overflow contacted the atmosphere directly. Extended water retention time due to water storage might also help mineralization of OC. In the wet season, however, colder, turbid and heavier inflow plunged into the reservoir and was discharged downstream for hydroelectricity, leaving insufficient time for decomposition of OC. Besides, diurnal efflux variability indicated that the effluxes were significantly higher in the nighttime than in the daytime, which increased the estimated annual emission rate by half.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Rainfall and Temperature Trends in San Diego Region, 1985–2017

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Esther Mosase ◽  
Laurent Ahiablame ◽  
Fritz Light ◽  
Francis Dwomoh
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Set Up

Prolonged and frequent droughts in Southern California present hazards and uncertainty for the region’s increasing population, resulting in proactive and aggressive water management strategies. The goal of this study is to present a case study of the San Diego region’s rainfall and temperature time series analysis in order to determine annual and seasonal trends and their significance. Rainfall and temperature data from 20 rain-gauged stations were analyzed for the period 1985–2017. A project database was set up for data compilation and quality control, and a Mann-Kendall test for trend analysis was used. Results indicated that rainfall in the region decreased both annually and during the rainy season (November–April) by up to 0.14 mm between 1985 and 2017, although not in a statistically significant manner, except at two rainfall observation stations. Rainfall appears to have increased in many of the stations examined during the dry season (May–October), with an average magnitude of 0.09 mm. Analysis of daily minimum and maximum temperature reveals overall average annual and seasonal increases of 0.07 °C and 0.04 °C, respectively, with statistically significant increases at 10 of 17 for minimum temperature, and 0.27 °C and −0.25 °C with statistically significant increases at 9 of 16 for maximum temperature. Temperature tends to have increased more during the dry season compared to the rainy season. This study reveals an overall decreasing tendency in rainfall and an increasing tendency in minimum and maximum temperatures (although not statistically significant) in the San Diego region between 1985 and 2017, which likely contributed to important management implications for the region’s water resources.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Quality Index of Groundwater Resources in Iwo Local Government Area, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-00
Author(s):  
Y. O. Adetona ◽  
K. T. Oladepo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Mean Values

This study assessed the groundwater quality of 30 selected wells and boreholes in Iwo Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Groundwater sources were randomly stratified and identified according to the 15 political wards using hand-held GPS equipment. The sources were sampled during the rainy season (October) and dry season (January) to determine water quality. The physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the water samples such as temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, lead, manganese, cadmium, chromium, and total coliform were determined using standard methods. The results showed that total hardness, calcium, cadmium, sulphate, and phosphate had mean values above the acceptable values for rainy and dry seasons; their mean values in mg/l for the rainy season were 252.933, 98.267, 0.018, 305.119, and 1.762, respectively, while their values for the dry season were 299.633, 115.831, 0.020, 285.695 and 1.705, respectively. The Water Quality Index (WQI) values showed that 30% of the selected groundwater sources were fit for consumption while 60% were poor and 10% were unfit for drinking during the rainy season. During the dry season, 50% of the groundwater sources were fit for consumption, 40% were poor, and 10% were unfit for consumption.

scholarly journals Where have all the parasites gone? Unusual Plasmodium falciparum monoparasitaemia in a cross-sectional malariometric survey in northern Nigeria

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Usman Nasir Nakakana ◽  
Ben O. Onankpa ◽  
Ismaila Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Ridwan M. Jega ◽  
Nma Muhammad Jiya
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complicated Malaria ◽  
North Western

Background: Malaria is caused by one of five currently known Plasmodium parasite species causing disease in humans. While modelling has provided information of the vector, the same is not entirely the case for the parasite. The World Malaria reports of 2014 to 2016 reported 100% of confirmed cases from Nigeria being due to Plasmodium falciparum. Generally, about 98% of cases of uncomplicated malaria in most regions surveyed in Nigeria recently is due to P. falciparum, with the remainder being due to P. malariae. This study aimed to determine the proportions of Plasmodium parasites causing uncomplicated malaria in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, north-western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted during the rainy season and dry season in north-western Nigeria. The area has a ‘local steppe’ climate and Sudanian Savannah vegetation. Sampling was via multistage cluster sampling. Selected participants were examined for pallor, palpable splenomegaly and signs of complicated malaria. Blood samples were also taken for rapid diagnosis of malaria and thick and thin films to identify parasitaemia and the parasite species. Participants found to have malaria were treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine and those with complicated malaria were referred to the nearest hospital.  Results: We found a parasite prevalence of 34.8% overall, which was higher in the rainy season (49.3%) than in the dry season (20.2%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, irrespective of the clinical status of the participant. Mapping of the parasite was extended throughout the Local Government Area and the State. Conclusions: Despite the intermediate endemicity in the area. P. falciparum monoparasitaemia affirms theories of disappearance of other parasite species, either due to faltering control of P. falciparum or more efficient control of other species.

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