scholarly journals Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Eiman ElGhanam ◽  
Ibtihal Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Hassan ◽  
Ahmed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Authentication Scheme ◽  
The Road ◽  
Short Contact Time ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Communication Modes ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Lightweight Authentication ◽  
Ev Charging

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology to charge Electric Vehicles (EV) using on-road charging segments (CS), also known as DWC pads. In order to ensure effective utilization of this on-the-road charging service, communication and coordination need to be established between the EVs and the different network entities, thereby forming an Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). In an IoEV, EVs can utilize different V2X communication modes to enable charging scheduling, load management, and reliable authentication and billing services. Yet, designing an authentication scheme for dynamic EV charging presents significant challenges given the mobility of the EVs and the short contact time between the EVs and the charging segments. Accordingly, this work proposes a fast, secure and lightweight authentication scheme that allows only authentic EVs with valid credentials to charge their batteries while ensuring secure and fair payments. The presented scheme starts with a key pre-distribution phase between the charging service company (CSC) and the charging pad owner (PO), followed by a hash chain and digital signature-based registration and authentication phase between the EV and the CSC, before the EV reaches the beginning of the charging lane. These preliminary authentication phases allow the authentication between the EVs and the charging segments to be performed using simple hash key verification operations prior to charging activation, which reduces the computational cost of the EVs and the CS. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography are utilized to secure the communication between the different network entities. Analysis of the computational and transmission time requirements of the proposed authentication scheme shows that, for an EV traveling at 60 km/h to start charging at the beginning of the charging lane, the authentication process must be initiated at least 1.35 m ahead of the starting point of the lane as it requires ≃81 ms to be completed.

A system for dynamic inductive power supply of electric vehicles on the road

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes A. Russer ◽  
Marco Dionigi ◽  
Mauro Mongiardo ◽  
Franco Mastri ◽  
Alessandra Costanzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Inductive Power

scholarly journals KYBURZ Small Electric Vehicles: A Case Study in Successful Deployment

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Erik Wilhelm ◽  
Wilfried Hahn ◽  
Martin Kyburz
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Fleet Management ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
The Road ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The World ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Primary Focus

AbstractThis paper is written from the perspective of a Swiss OEM which has been active in the small electric vehicle (SEV) market since 1991 and has put over 22,000 SEVs on the road around the world. KYBURZ Switzerland AG identified several important niche markets for SEVs and today sells vehicles to improve the mobility of senior citizens (e.g. KYBURZ Plus), to increase the efficiency of postal and logistics companies (e.g., KYBURZ DXP), and to imbue drivers with passion for electric vehicles (e.g., KYBURZ eRod). Most KYBURZ vehicles are currently homologated in the category L2e, L6e, or L7e. The company has also developed a Fleet Management product which gives its customers detailed insights into the performance of their electric as well as conventionally powered vehicles. Anonymized datasets from this Fleet Management system will be drawn upon in this paper to examine questions regarding their application, i.e., environmental and economic aspects. The unique feature which the authors from KYBURZ bring with this paper is that all their investigations are performed with real data gained from the field experience. The primary focus of this paper is on last-mile mobility services for postal organizations which help to increase efficiency and meet sustainability goals.

Design of Fast Cycloconverter-Based Battery-Charging Circuit for High Penetration of Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Funso Kehinde Ariyo ◽  
Oluwafemi Aworo ◽  
Michael Kuku
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Battery Modeling ◽  
The Road ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

There have been growing concerns involving the penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to the time required by its battery to attain full charge. Interests in EVs had recently experienced a dramatic turn down due to mileage limitation on full battery charge amidst the cost of purchase, but most notably due to the absence of quick chargers that can keep the vehicle on the road within few minutes of arriving at the charging station. Researchers had proposed different charging schemes such as level II ac charging, dc charging, and in some cases, wireless charging schemes that later appear to be inefficient. The use of dynamic or simply road-way powered electric vehicles was also proposed in the literature. However, the proposed cycloconverter-based circuit was simulated in Simulink, and the results obtained proved that the rate of charge increased when compared to the conventional EV charging circuit. Also, the focus is on battery charging technology and battery modeling for application in an electric vehicle

Research on Fuel Economy of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1435-1439
Author(s):  
Teng Teng Li ◽  
Kong Jian Qin ◽  
Jun Hua Gao ◽  
Feng Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
The Road ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
On The Road

On the road, fuel meter and electric power meter were employed to measure fuel consumption and electricity consumption of two parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Corrected methods recommended by SAE J2711 and GB/T 19754 respectively were used to modify fuel consumption of two vehicles through electricity consumption; According to the result, how total quality and Air-Condition (AC) load affect fuel economy were analyzed. Test results showed that, When K was less than 1%, relative error from calculation results of fuel consumption per 100 km obtained by above two methods was within 0.7%; Compared with AC off condition, fuel consumption per 100 km of PHEVs under AC on condition increased by more than 42%, which caused bad fuel economy, the effect of fuel-saving was decreased by 10% or more accordingly.

Safety Aspects of Sophisticated In-Vehicle Information Displays and Controls

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen ◽  
David P. DeBald
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Occlusion Time ◽  
The Road ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road

Two groups of six young and healthy subjects were used in this study to investigate the lateral path deviations when driving in a straight path with the eyes fixated on the road ahead, when driving while reading information inside of the automobile, and when driving with the eyes closed. Each group of subjects drove a typical large car and a typical small car at a fixed speed of 30 mph. An unused 2000 foot long and 75 foot wide, level, concrete airport runway was used to conduct the experiment. Each subject made three runs under each of the three conditions with the large car and with the small car (18 runs total). The lateral path deviations from the longitudinal centerline of the car to the centerline of the runway were measured every 15 feet for a distance of 705 feet. A device which dripped liquid dye was attached to the center of the rear bumper of the automobiles to indicate their paths. The results of this study show that the average lateral standard deviations for driving with the eyes fixated upon the road ahead were between 5.5″ and 11.3″. The difference in the lateral standard deviations for large and small automobiles was statistically not significant for distances between 100 and 500 feet from the starting point for the three conditions tested. The lateral standard deviation was smaller for reading text within the automobile than for driving with the eyes closed, and was statistically significant after an occlusion distance of 225 feet or an occlusion time of about 5 seconds. Using a constant of 0.041, the fundamental relationship between the lateral standard deviation, the speed, and the occlusion distance developed by Zwahlen and Balasubramanian (1974) fits the data for reading text inside of the automobile while driving fairly well. This constant is approximately one half of that which has been used for driving with the eyes closed (0.076) in this study. Based upon the results of this study, the development and introduction of sophisticated in-vehicle displays and/or touch panels should be halted and their safety aspects with regard to information aquisition, information processing, and driver control actions should be critically evaluated.

scholarly journals Monetary Health Co-benefits and GHG Emissions Reduction Benefits: Contribution from Private on-the-road Transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Liang Liou ◽  
Pei-Ing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
On The Road

This is the first study to provide a systematic monetary benefit matrix, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction benefits and air pollution reduction health co-benefits, for a change in on-the-road transport to low-carbon types. The benefit transfer method is employed to estimate the social cost of carbon and the health co-benefits via impact pathway analysis in Taiwan. Specifically, the total emissions reduction benefits from changing all internal combustion vehicles to either hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or electric vehicles would generate an average of US$760 million from GHG emissions reduction and US$2,091 million from health co-benefits based on air pollution reduction, for a total benefit of US$2,851 million annually. For a change from combustion scooters to light- or heavy-duty electric scooters, the average GHG emissions reduction benefits would be US$96.02 million, and the health co-benefits from air pollution reduction would be US$1,008.83 million, for total benefits of US$1,104.85 million annually.

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