scholarly journals Decentralizing Private Blockchain-IoT Network with OLSR

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Xuan Chen ◽  
Shujuan Tian ◽  
Kien Nguyen ◽  
Hiroo Sekiya
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Link State ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Transmission Quality ◽  
Iot Devices

With data transparency and immutability, the blockchain can provide trustless and decentralized services for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, most blockchain-IoT networks, especially those with a private blockchain, are built on top of an infrastructure-based wireless network (i.e., using Wi-Fi access points or cellular base stations). Hence, they are still under the risk of Single-Point-of-Failure (SPoF) on the network layer, hindering the decentralization merit, for example, when the access points or base stations get failures. This paper presents an Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol-based solution for that issue in a private blockchain-IoT application. By decentralizing the underlying network with OLSR, the private blockchain network can avoid SPoF and automatically recover after a failure. Single blockchain connections can be extended to multiple ad hoc hops. Services over blockchain become flexible to fit various IoT scenarios. We show the effectiveness of our solution by constructing a private Ethereum blockchain network running on IoT devices (i.e., Raspberry Pi model 4) with environmental data sensing (i.e., Particular Matter (PM)). The IoT devices use OLSR to form an ad hoc network. The environment data are collected and propagated in transactions to a pre-loaded smart contract periodically. We then evaluate the IoT blockchain network’s recovery time when facing a link error. The evaluation results show that OLSR can automatically recover after the failure. We also evaluate the transaction-oriented latency and block-oriented latency, which indicates the blocks have a high transmission quality, while transactions are transferred individually.

Resource allocation in wireless ad hoc networks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Κωνσταντίνος Χούμας
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Hoc Networks

Παρόλο που τα καθημερινά σενάρια χρήσης της ασύρματης δικτύωσης βασίζονται συνήθως σε κάποια μορφή υποδομής, όπως είναι τα σημεία πρόσβασης (access points) ή οι σταθμοί βάσης (base stations), υπάρχει εξίσου μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον και για τα ασύρματα αδόμητα δίκτυα. Υπάρχει μία πληθώρα σεναρίων που χρειάζονται ασύρματη συνδεσιμότητα και δεν μπορούν να υποστηριχτούν χωρίς την ασύρματη αδόμητη δικτύωση. Ωστόσο, η αποδοτική χρήση των ασύρματων αδόμητων δικτύων είναι στενά συνδεδεμένη με το πρόβλημα της αποδοτικής ανάθεσης πόρων. Η ανάθεση πόρων στα ασύρματα αδόμητα δίκτυα είναι ένα πρόβλημα με πολλές προκλήσεις, με πολλαπλά υπό διερεύνηση θέματα που σχετίζονται με την δρομολόγηση πακέτων, τον χρονικό καθορισμό των μεταδόσεων όπως και την προσαρμογή των ρυθμών εισαγωγής πακέτων μέσα στο δίκτυο. Σε αυτή την διατριβή, προτείνουμε καινοτόμα σχήματα που απαντούν σε αυτές τις προκλήσεις, χρησιμοποιώντας πρακτικές και ιδέες που προκύπτουν από τον Backpressure αλγόριθμο και την Opportunistic routing λογική. Εναλλακτικά, είτε αποδεικνύουμε μαθηματικά ότι τα προτεινόμενα σχήματα έχουν βέλτιστη συμπεριφορά, είτε υιοθετούμε ευριστικές προσεγγίσεις. Η αξιολόγηση τους βασίζεται σε πειραματισμό σε μεγάλης κλίμακας ασύρματες πειραματικές υποδομές και διευρυμένα εργαλεία λογισμικού που καλύπτουν τις δικές μας πειραματικές ανάγκες. Η δυνατότητα για ένα τέτοιο πειραματισμό προκύπτει από την δουλειά μας για επέκταση ενός αναγνωρισμένου λογισμικού για διαχείριση τέτοιων υποδομών. Τα αποτελέσματα της αξιολόγησης μας είναι πολλαπλώς υποσχόμενα, καθότι συγκρίνουμε τους αλγόριθμους μας με άλλους αναγνωρισμένους αλγόριθμους και δείχνουμε σημαντικές βελτιώσεις σε σχέση με τους δεύτερους.

scholarly journals A Blockchain-Based OCF Firmware Update for IoT Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6744
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Nathania Witanto ◽  
Yustus Eko Oktian ◽  
Sang-Gon Lee ◽  
Jin-Heung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Completion Time ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Average Throughput ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Update Process

As the usage growth rate of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is increasing, various issues related to these devices need attention. One of them is the distribution of the IoT firmware update. The IoT devices’ software development does not end when the manufacturer sells the devices to the market. It still needs to be kept updated to prevent cyber-attacks. The commonly used firmware update process, over-the-air (OTA), mostly happens in a centralized way, in which the IoT devices directly download the firmware update from the manufacturer’s server. This central architecture makes the manufacturer’s server vulnerable to single-point-of-failure and latency issues that can delay critical patches from being applied to vulnerable devices. The Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) is one organization contributing to providing interoperability services for IoT devices. In one of their subject areas, they provide a firmware update protocol for IoT devices. However, their firmware update process does not ensure the integrity and security of the patches. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based OCF firmware update for IoT devices. Specifically, we introduce two types of firmware update protocol, direct and peer-to-peer updates, integrated into OCF firmware update specifications. In the direct scenario, the device, through the IoT gateway, can download the new firmware update from the manufacturer’s server. Meanwhile, in the peer-to-peer scheme, the device can query the update from the nearby gateways. We implemented our protocol using Raspberry Pi hardware and Ethereum-based blockchain with the smart contracts to record metadata of the manufacturer’s firmware updates. We evaluated the proposed system’s performance by measuring the average throughput, the latency, and the firmware update distribution’s duration. The analysis results indicate that our proposal can deliver firmware updates in a reasonable duration, with the peer-to-peer version having a faster completion time than the direct one.

Tracking of Wearable IoT Devices Through WAP Using Intelligent Rule-Based Location Aware Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (Supp01) ◽  
pp. 2140005
Author(s):  
L. Sai Ramesh ◽  
S. Shyam Sundar ◽  
K. Selvakumar ◽  
S. Sabena
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
End User ◽  
Access Points ◽  
The Public ◽  
Location Aware ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Public Environment ◽  
Specific Scenario

Usage of the internet is increasing in the daily life of humans due to the need for speedy task completion for their daily services. Most of the living time is spent in some indoor environment which provides WiFi which is the basic need of internet connectivity using Wireless Access Points (WAP). Nowadays, most of the devices are IoT-based ones, which connect with the outer world through the access points in the existing environment. The wearable IoT devices may be misplaced somewhere and we need a specific scenario which helps to identify the misplaced mobile devices based on access points where they are connected by their unique identity such as MAC address. Most of the time, unrestricted WiFi access provided in the public environment is used by the end-user. In that scenario, the tracking of misplaced mobile devices is creating an issue when the WiFi is in switch-off mode. This paper proposes a technique for tracking a mobile device by using a location-aware approach with KNN and intelligent rules by tracking the channel accessed by the user to find the misplaced path by examining the device connected WAP positions.

scholarly journals Device-Based Security to Improve User Privacy in the Internet of Things †

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Belem Pacheco ◽  
Eduardo Pelinson Alchieri ◽  
Priscila Mendez Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
And Control

The use of Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly growing and a huge amount of data is being generated by IoT devices. Cloud computing is a natural candidate to handle this data since it has enough power and capacity to process, store and control data access. Moreover, this approach brings several benefits to the IoT, such as the aggregation of all IoT data in a common place and the use of cloud services to consume this data and provide useful applications. However, enforcing user privacy when sending sensitive information to the cloud is a challenge. This work presents and evaluates an architecture to provide privacy in the integration of IoT and cloud computing. The proposed architecture, called PROTeCt—Privacy aRquitecture for integratiOn of internet of Things and Cloud computing, improves user privacy by implementing privacy enforcement at the IoT devices instead of at the gateway, as is usually done. Consequently, the proposed approach improves both system security and fault tolerance, since it removes the single point of failure (gateway). The proposed architecture is evaluated through an analytical analysis and simulations with severely constrained devices, where delay and energy consumption are evaluated and compared to other architectures. The obtained results show the practical feasibility of the proposed solutions and demonstrate that the overheads introduced in the IoT devices are worthwhile considering the increased level of privacy and security.

A Route Selection Mechanism for Mobility of Node in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
Hyun Jong Cha ◽  
Jin Mook Kim ◽  
Hwang Bin Ryou
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Wired Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A mobile ad-hoc network is a method of communication between different nodes (mobile devices) without the use of base stations, which are used in wired networks. In a Mobile ad-hoc network, nodes can play the role of a receiver, sender, or a relay. As movement is flexible in Mobile ad-hoc networks and nodes have limited resources, nodes may join the communication or exit it at any time. Therefore, for Mobile ad-hoc networks, routing techniques - selecting communication routes and maintaining them – is considered important in an environment of constantly changing network topology. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a reliable routing protocol based on MP-AOMDV, which monitors changes in signal strength not only for GPS signals but reception signals as well. Although MP-AOMDV was researched under the assumption of fixed movement direction and speed, this paper proposes a routing technique that works with changing movement direction or speed of nodes.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Location-Aware Grid-Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Farrukh Aslam Khan ◽  
Wang-Cheol Song ◽  
Khi-Jung Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Link State ◽  
Location Aware ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Grid Based

In this paper, the performance analysis of a hierarchical routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called Location-aware Grid-based Hierarchical Routing (LGHR) is performed. In LGHR, the network comprises nonoverlapping zones and each zone is further partitioned into smaller grids. Although LGHR is a location-aware routing protocol, the routing mechanism is similar to the link-state routing. The protocol overcomes some of the weaknesses of other existing location-based routing protocols such as Zone-based Hierarchical Link State (ZHLS) and GRID. A detailed analysis of the LGHR routing protocol is performed and its performance is compared with both the above-mentioned protocols. The comparison shows that LGHR works better than ZHLS in terms of storage overhead as well as communication overhead, whereas LGHR is more stable than GRID especially in scenarios where wireless nodes are moving with very high velocities.

scholarly journals Properties of Channel Interference for Wi-Fi Location Fingerprinting

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie C. L. Chan ◽  
George Baciu ◽  
S.C. Mak
Keyword(s):  
Channel Assignment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Location Fingerprinting ◽  
Channel Interference ◽  
Assignment Scheme ◽  
Localization Systems

Localization systems for indoor areas have recently been suggested that make use of existing wireless local areanetwork (WLAN) infrastructure and location fingerprinting approach. However, most existing research work ignores channel interference between wireless infrastructures and this could affect accurate and precise positioning. A better understanding of the properties of channel interference could assist in improving the positioning accuracy while saving significant amounts of resources in the location-aware infrastructure. This paper investigates to what extent the positioning accuracy is affected by channel interference between access points. Two sets of experiments compare how the positioning accuracy is affected in three different channel assignment schemes: ad-hoc, sequential, and orthogonal data is analyzed to understand what features ofchannel interference affect positioning accuracy. The results show that choosing an appropriate channel assignment scheme could make localization 10% more accurate and reduces the number of access points that are required by 15%. The experimental analysis also indicates that the channel interference usually obeys a right-skewed distribution and positioning accuracy is heavily dependent on channel interference between access points (APs).

scholarly journals Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET

Drones ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Esmot Ara Tuli ◽  
Mohtasin Golam ◽  
Dong-Seong Kim ◽  
Jae-Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Link State ◽  
Parameter Configuration ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Dynamic Attributes ◽  
Optimized Link State Routing

The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.

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