scholarly journals Integration of LTE 230 and LTE 1800 in Power Wireless Private Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Ding ◽  
Miao ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Li ◽  
Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Selection ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Network Integration ◽  
Energy Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Level ◽  
Private Network

Power wireless private networks (PWPNs) have been highly developed in China in recent years. They provide a basis for the energy Internet of Things, which enables the exchange of energy information between devices. Although the power wireless private network is an imitation of the public cellular network, a number of special challenges remain in power private networks. Due to the lack of general standards for PWPNs at the beginning of deployment, there are now two independent PWPN systems in China: long-term evolution (LTE) 230 and LTE 1800. Each has its own core and access networks with independent hardware. In this paper, we propose a high-level design of multinetwork integration to allow LTE 230 and LTE 1800 to coexist. For core network integration, we propose a protocol controller to select the active protocol according to the user’s mode selection, since both LTE 230 and LTE 1800 evolved from the standard LTE system. For access network integration, we propose a multinetwork integration controller to help the device access the optimal cell. The simulation results show that the integrated system can retain the advantages of these two independent systems in terms of both capacity and coverage.

Disparate Entwicklung der Wohnungsmärkte fordert die Politik

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Arentz
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Housing Allowance ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Site Development ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe regional differences in the housing markets are enormous and will continue to exacerbate in the future. The main task for the housing policy is to take appropriate long term measures depending on the market structure. A central aspect of future housing policy is the site development. Potential conflicts of interest with other social objectives must be detected and resolved. Creating a trading system for development rights appears to be promising. In order to secure housing for low income households, the housing allowance (Wohngeld) must be promptly adjusted to the market conditions. The public housing sector should be seen as an instrument for the stabilization of neighborhoods. Appropriate market rents secure a housing supply at a high level.

scholarly journals Analysis of Urban Car Owners Commute Mode Choice Based on Evolutionary Game Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huawei Gong ◽  
Wenzhou Jin
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Mode Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The City

With the aggravation of the traffic congestion in the city, car owners will have to give up commuting with private cars and take the public transportation instead. The paper uses the replication dynamic mechanism to simulate the learning and adjustment mechanism of the automobile owners commuting mode selection. The evolutionary stable strategy is used to describe the long-term evolution of competition game trend. Finally we simulate equilibrium and stability of an evolution of the game under a payoff imbalance situation. The research shows that a certain proportion of car owners will choose public transit under the pressure of public transport development and heavy traffic, and the proportion will be closely related to the initial conditions and urban transportation development policy.

The Cige´o Industrial Geological Repository Project

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Labalette ◽  
Alain Harman ◽  
Marie-Claude Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
High Level

The Planning Act of 28 June 2006 prescribed that a reversible repository in a deep geological formation be chosen as the reference solution for the long-term management of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste. It also entrusted the responsibility of further studies and investigations on the siting and design of the new repository upon the French Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Agence nationale pour la gestion des de´chets radioactifs – Andra), in order for the review of the creation-licence application to start in 2015 and, subject to its approval, the commissioning of the new repository in 2025. In late 2009, Andra submitted to the French government proposals concerning the implementation and the design of Cige´o (Centre industriel de stockage ge´ologique). A significant step of the project was completed with the delineation of an interest zone for the construction of the repositor’s underground facilities in 2010. This year, Andra has launched a new dialogue phase with local actors in order to clarify the implementation scenarios on the surface. The selected site will be validated after the public debate that is now scheduled for the first half of 2013. This debate will be organized by the National Public Debate Committee (Commission nationale du de´bat public). In parallel, the State is leading the preparation of an territorial development scheme, which will be presented during the public debate. The 2009 milestone also constitutes a new step in the progressive design process of the repository. After the 1998, 2001 and 2005 iterations, which focused mainly on the long-term safety of the repository, the Dossier 2009 highlighted its operational safety, with due account of the non-typical characteristics of an underground nuclear facility. It incorporates the first results of the repository-optimisation studies, which started in 2006 and will continue in the future. The reversibility options for the repository constitute proposals in terms of added flexibility in repository management and in package-recovery levels. They orient the design of the repository in order to promote those reversibility components. They contribute to the dialogue with stakeholders in the preparation of the public debate and of the future act on the reversibility conditions of the repository. The development of the repository shall be achieved over a long period, around the century. Hence, the designer will acquire additional knowledge at every new development of the project, notably during Phase 1, which he may reuse during the following phase, in order, for instance, to optimise the project. This process is part of the approach proposed by Andra in 2009 pursuant to the reversibility principle.

NUMO’s Open Solicitation of Volunteer Municipalities for a Potential Disposal Site

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
Nuclear Waste Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Selection Of

In the year 2000, the Japanese geological disposal program for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) moved from the phase of generic research and development into the phase of implementation. Following legislation entitled the “Specified Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Act” (hereafter “the Act”), the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) was established as the implementing organization in October 2000. The assigned activities of NUMO include repository site selection, developing relevant license applications and construction, operation and closure of the repository. To initiate the first stage, NUMO has chosen an “open solicitation” approach for finding candidate sites in the belief that the support of local communities is essential to the success of this highly public, long-term project extending over more than a century. Based on this concept, NUMO announced the start of open solication for volunteer municipalities for selection of Preliminary Investigation Areas to the public on December 19, 2002. This paper describes NUMO’s open solicitation of volunteer municipalities for a potential disposal site.

scholarly journals The Public Debt of Latvia: Short-Term and Long-Terms Aspects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staņislavs Keišs ◽  
Alla Seregina
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Debt Overhang ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Level ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
The Eu

The article investigates the structure and dynamics of public debt of Latvia for the period from 2006–2016 year. The relevance of the study long-term effects of public debt on the economy of Latvia is predetermined by a significant increase in its volume of low GDP growth rates in recent years. This article discusses conceptual approaches and criteria for evaluation of the public debt. An analysis of the main reasons for the growth of public debt of Latvia after joining the EU, considers its specific characteristics and consequences as compared with the more developed EU countries on the basis of these annual reports of Latvia Treasury over the past ten years. Analysis of the structure of the debt of Latvia on maturity shows that an effective public debt management necessarily involves consideration of the long-term effects of the growth of public debt to the public. High level of the external indebtedness in the structure of Latvian public debt is a factor of the growth of “debt overhang” even following Maastricht criterions of public debt. As a result of the research is justification of differentiated approach necessity to the evaluation of public debt with considering of intertemporal effects.

Long-term unemployed in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Ewa Flaszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Employment Services ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Unemployed

The COVID-19 pandemic has not significantly affected the increase in unemployment, including the change in the structure of long-term unemployment. Long-term unemployment increases with some delay after the recession. This article analyses the changes in the situation of long-term unemployed people in Poland before and during the COVID-2019 pandemic, presents actions taken at that time by employment and social services, and presents recommendations for the future, considering information collected from employees of poviat labour offices. In Poland, the reasons for the persistence of a relatively high level of long-term unemployment in general may include the following factors: registration in labour offices of people who, mainly for health reasons, are not ready to participate in processes of restoring the ability to work, a limited amount of funds allocated to activation of the unemployed activities and, finally, the lack of mechanisms rewarding the public employment services (PES) for bringing the long-term unemployed back to the labour market.

scholarly journals A Robust EMD-Based RVFL Network Fusion Algorithm for Low-Cost GPS/INS Integrated System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Da Liu ◽  
Shufang Zhang ◽  
Jingbo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Fusion Algorithm ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Error Accumulation ◽  
Lower Complexity ◽  
High Level

Global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS) are commonly combined to overcome disadvantages of each and constitute an integrated system that realizes long-term precision. However, the performance of the integrated system deteriorates on which GPS is unavailable. Especially when low-cost inertial sensors based on the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) are used, performance of the integrated system degrades severely over time. In this study, in order to minimize the adverse impact of high-level stochastic noise from low-cost MEMS sensors, denoising technology based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is employed to improve signal quality before navigation solution by which significant improvement of removing noise is achieved. Moreover, a random vector functional link (RVFL) network-based fusion algorithm is presented to estimate and compensate position error during GPS outage such that error accumulation is suppressed quickly when INS is working standalone. Performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by experimental results. It is indicated from comparison that the proposed algorithm takes advantages such as better accuracy and lower complexity and is more robust than the commonly reported methods and is more appropriate for real-time and low-cost application.

The Governance of Partnerships in Local Government

2011 ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Castelnovo
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Public Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Public Sector Organizations ◽  
Manage Innovation

Partnering is often claimed to represent a solution small local government organizations (SLGOs) can resort to in order to manage innovation. However, especially when private partners are involved, resources and specialized competencies need to be allocated on the management of the partnership in order to guarantee that it will deliver a public value. SLGOs often lack such resources and this can make it difficult for them to benefit from Public-Private Partnerships. In the chapter a solution to this problem will be suggested based on the concept of Integrated System of Local Government, that represents a form of strategic and long term partnership for the sharing of resources and specialized competences among SLGOs. More specifically, it will be argued that if the partnership with the private partners is established directly by the integrated system, on behalf of its members, this can guarantee a better governance of the partnership even when the public sector organizations involved are SLGOs.

The Regulation of Legacy Situations Where Reduction in Long Term Radiation Hazard Requires an Increase in Short Term Detriments

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Fisher ◽  
David Turton
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nuclear Site ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
High Level ◽  
Regulatory Practice ◽  
Practical Implications

Legacy situations on nuclear sites usually occur at the end of the life of a facility or site. These situations, such as decommissioning or historic waste treatment, are often responsible for long term hazards to workers and the public. Reducing the magnitude of these long-term hazards will generate waste disposals which may impact on the environment and may result in workers incurring additional doses. The increase in these detriments seems at first glance to be in conflict with the usual aims of the regulators. However by putting the reduction of long term radiation hazard from legacy situations in the context of Government policy and guidance, the approach of current regulatory practice adopted for such situations is considered. The regulatory framework is presented from the high level policy, then through the application of the principles of ALARA, reducing risks — protecting people, Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) and Best Practicable Means (BPM). Issues that the regulators expect the nuclear site operator to address are discussed from both the protection of the public and the environment and examples of the practical implications of the regulatory approach are described. ‘Softer’, but important essentials for the operator to adopt in the handling of legacy situations are also raised. These essentials such as openness and stakeholder dialogue, have in the past been poorly performed leading to a lack of trust and understanding by the public.

Issues in the Timing of High Level Waste Disposal: An International Perspective

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Gordelier ◽  
Pa´l Kova´cs
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Geological Disposal ◽  
The Public ◽  
Deep Geological Disposal ◽  
High Level

The world is facing energy difficulties for the future, in terms of security of supply and climate change issues. Nuclear power is virtually carbon free and it contributes to energy security, being a quasi-domestic source. Whilst it cannot provide a complete answer to these challenges, it is certainly capable of providing a significant component of the answer. However, nuclear power remains controversial. In order to gain public acceptance, it is widely recognised that a number of key issues need to be addressed, amongst which is resolution of the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) (including spent fuel) disposal issue. This is an important issue for all countries with an existing nuclear programme, whether or not it is intended that nuclear power should be phased out or expanded — the waste already exists and must be managed in any event. It is equally important for countries planning a new nuclear power programme where none has previously existed. Since nuclear power was first developed over fifty years ago, HLW arisings have been stored as an interim measure. It is widely believed by experts (though not by many opponents of the nuclear industry, nor by the public) that deep geological disposal, after a reasonable cooling time in interim storage, is technically feasible and constitutes a safe option [1] at an acceptable cost. The total volume of HLW from nuclear reactors is relatively small. A key issue, however, is the time-scale for developing such a final disposal solution. Considerations of security and inter-generational equity suggest that geological disposal should be implemented as soon as possible irrespective of whether or not new arisings are created. The question of managing HLW is not necessarily related to the issue of building new nuclear power stations. However, many opponents argue that there has been insufficient demonstration of the long-term safety of deep geological disposal. The same opponents also argue that there should be a moratorium on building new nuclear power plants (NPPs) until the issue of long-term management of HLW is resolved. These arguments have a powerful influence on public opinion towards both the construction of a waste repository and the building of new NPPs. The intent of this paper (developed from the current OECD NEA study on “Timing of High Level Waste Disposal”) is to identify and discuss some of the factors influencing the timing of the implementation of a HLW disposal strategy and to demonstrate to decision makers how these factors are affecting country strategies, based on current experience. Determining an optimum timescale of HLW disposal may be affected by a wide range of factors. The study examines how social acceptability, technical soundness, environmental responsibility and economic feasibility impact on the timing of HLW disposal and can be balanced in a national radioactive waste management strategy taking the social, political and economic environment into account. There is clear evidence that significant fractions of the public still have serious misconceptions with respect to the issues surrounding nuclear waste. The nuclear industry, together with governments in those countries who would like a component of nuclear power in their energy mix, has a responsibility for and a significant challenge in presenting its case to the public.

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