scholarly journals Residual Brewing Yeast as Substrate for Co-Production of Cell Biomass and Biofilm Using Candida maltosa SM4

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Vidal Flores-Copa ◽  
Luis Romero-Soto ◽  
Danitza Romero-Calle ◽  
María Teresa Alvarez-Aliaga ◽  
Felipe Orozco-Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Candida Maltosa ◽  
Brewing Yeast ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
Glycosidic Bonds ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Maximal Production ◽  
Different Levels

Candida maltosa was cultivated in the liquid phase of residual brewing yeast, a major brewery residue, to produce biomass and biofilm. Using response surface methodology, the effect of two variables at two different levels was investigated. The independent variables were agitation speed (at 100 and 200 rpm), and aeration (at 1 and 3 L min−1). Aeration was identified to be important for the production of both biomass and biofilm, while agitation was the only factor significantly affecting biofilm production. The maximal production of biofilm (2.33 g L−1) was achieved for agitation of 200 rpm and aeration of 1 L min−1, while the maximum for biomass (16.97 g L−1) was reached for 100 rpm agitation and 3 L min−1 air flow. A logistic model applied to predict the growth of C. maltosa in the exponential phase and the biofilm production, showed a high degree of agreement between the prediction and the actual biomass measured experimentally. The produced biofilms were further characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR allowed the identification of methyl, carbonyl ester and sulfate groups, and revealed the presence of uronic acid moieties and glycosidic bonds. Water-retention ability up to relatively high temperatures was revealed by TGA, and that makes the produced biofilm suitable for production of hydrogels. SEM also gave indications on the hydrogel-forming potential of the biofilm.

scholarly journals Multimodal analgesia in bariatric surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
M. I Neimark ◽  
Roman V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Multimodal Analgesia ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mandatory Use ◽  
Different Levels

This review is devoted to the treatment of postoperative pain in bariatric surgery. At present, the prevalence of patients with a high degree of obesity is an epidemic that leads steadily growing number of bariatric operations. Showing the risk factors in the traditional approach to the use of opioids in these patients, as well as the consequences of inadequate analgesia in these patients. Details are presented modern pharmacological agents acting on different levels nociceptive system. Substantiates the role of a multi-modal approach to perioperative analgesia, mandatory use of regional anesthesia. The attention to the visualization neuroaxial structures using ultrasound in the context of the implementation of the efficacy and safety of regional anesthesia in patients with morbid obesity. Possible prospects for pain control in bariatric surgery.

Handling Quantity in Variability Models for System-of-Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 693-724
Author(s):  
Daisuke Shimbara ◽  
Motoshi Saeki ◽  
Shinpei Hayashi ◽  
Øystein Haugen
Keyword(s):  
System Of Systems ◽  
Tree Structure ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Variability Model ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Parent Node

Problem: Modern systems contain parts that are themselves systems. Such complex systems thus have sets of subsystems that have their own variability. These subsystems contribute to the functionality of a whole system-of-systems (SoS). Such systems have a very high degree of variability. Therefore, a modeling technique for the variability of an entire SoS is required to express two different levels of variability: variability of the SoS as a whole and variability of subsystems. If these levels are described together, the model becomes hard to understand. When the variability model of the SoS is described separately, each variability model is represented by a tree structure and these models are combined in a further tree structure. For each node in a variability model, a quantity is assigned to express the multiplicity of its instances per one instance of its parent node. Quantities of the whole system may refer to the number of subsystem instances in the system. From the viewpoint of the entire system, constraints and requirements written in natural language are often ambiguous regarding the quantities of subsystems. Such ambiguous constraints and requirements may lead to misunderstandings or conflicts in an SoS configuration. Approach: A separate notion is proposed for variability of an SoS; one model considers the SoS as an undivided entity, while the other considers it as a combination of subsystems. Moreover, a domain-specific notation is proposed to express relationships among the variability properties of systems, to solve the ambiguity of quantities and establish the total validity. This notation adapts an approach, named Pincer Movement, which can then be used to automatically deduce the quantities for the constraints and requirements. Validation: The descriptive capability of the proposed notation was validated with four examples of cloud providers. In addition, the proposed method and description tool were validated through a simple experiment on describing variability models with real practitioners.

Solvent, LICL, and Temperature Effects on the Morphological Structure and Electronic Properties of Polyaniline

1995 ◽  
Vol 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Angelopoulos ◽  
Yun-Hsin Liao ◽  
Bruce Furman ◽  
Teresita Graham
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pani Base ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTExtensive gel permeation chromatography coupled with surface structure measurements clearly indicate that polyaniline (pani) base has a tendency to aggregate as a result of interchain hydrogen-bonding. The aggregation is present in the solid state powder; the extent of aggregation is found to be significantly dependent on the synthetic conditions. Pani base powders having a high degree of aggregation have significantly reduced solubility. The degree of aggregation of pani base in solution is found to be dependent on the solvent, concentration, and temperature. As the solvent becomes a better solvent for the base material, the less aggregated is the structure. Solvents which can strongly interact with the polymer disrupt the aggregation. In addition, salts such as LiCl which complex the polymer via a “pseudo-doping” process, also disrupt the internal pani hydrogen-bonding and deaggregate the polymer. As the polymer is deaggregated to different levels by a solvent or by LiCl, the individual chains can better be solvated and thus a conformational change also occurs. The chains adapt a more expanded coil type of conformation. The degree of expansion depends on the solvation power of the solvent. As the level of deaggregation and subsequent chain expansion increases, a significant red shift is observed in the λmaximum of the exciton absorbance and the surface structure of the polymer becomes smoother. It is found that the LiCl induced morphological changes results in increased conductivity upon doping pani base with a protonic acid.

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VARIABILITY IN THE FEMALE SONG OF WILD SILVERY GIBBONS (HYLOBATES MOLOCH)

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dallmann ◽  
Thomas Geissmann
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Great Call

AbstractGibbon songs are known to include species- and sex-specific characteristics. It has been suggested frequently that these songs also exhibit a high degree of individuality, but quantifying individuality has rarely been attempted. Because the statistical methods used in earlier studies were highly dependent on sample size (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks), it was not possible to compare results among studies directly. We introduce a mean pairwise difference (MPD) of scaled variables in order to quantify great-call variability and individuality. Because of its construction as simple normalised difference, the MPD is largely independent of sample size. This makes it possible to compare results directly with those of other studies on other populations or species. Even various levels of variability (intra- vs. inter-individual, intra- vs. inter-population variability) can be determined and compared with this method. In addition, the MPD can be calculated independently for any acoustic variable. This opens up a broad variety of research options in the area of comparative analysis of acoustic communication. For instance, variability in various parts of a phrase, in various parts of a song bout, in various contexts or in various seasons can be compared, and this is possible even if the variables under comparison are not the same. As an example we analysed female great-call phrases of wild silvery gibbons in Java (Indonesia). We found that inter-individual variability is significantly higher than intra-individual variability. This implies that females can be distinguished by their great-calls, although this was not examined during the present study. Additionally, variability of female songs was found to be significantly lower within one population than among any two populations. The various sections of the great-call differ in their variability. The first half of the great-call (excluding the introductory note) shows the highest potential for individual recognition.

scholarly journals Formation of Abasic Oligomers in Nonenzymatic Polymerization of Canonical Nucleotides

Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Chaitanya V. Mungi ◽  
Niraja V. Bapat ◽  
Yayoi Hongo ◽  
Sudha Rajamani
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Rna World ◽  
Purine Nucleotides ◽  
Abasic Sites ◽  
Glycosidic Bonds ◽  
Product Characterization ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Do So

Polymerization of nucleotides under prebiotically plausible conditions has been a focus of several origins of life studies. Non-activated nucleotides have been shown to undergo polymerization under geothermal conditions when subjected to dry-wet cycles. They do so by a mechanism similar to acid-catalyzed ester-bond formation. However, one study showed that the low pH of these reactions resulted in predominantly depurination, thereby resulting in the formation of abasic sites in the oligomers. In this study, we aimed to systematically characterize the nature of the oligomers that resulted in reactions that involved one or more of the canonical ribonucleotides. All the reactions analyzed showed the presence of abasic oligomers, with purine nucleotides being affected the most due to deglycosylation. Even in the reactions that contained nucleotide mixtures, the presence of abasic oligomers was detected, which suggested that information transfer would be severely hampered due to losing the capacity to base pair via H-bonds. Importantly, the stability of the N-glycosidic linkage, under conditions used for dry-wet cycling, was also determined. Results from this study further strengthen the hypothesis that chemical evolution in a pre-RNA World would have been vital for the evolution of informational molecules of an RNA World. This is evident in the high degree of instability displayed by N-glycosidic bonds of canonical purine ribonucleotides under the same geothermal conditions that otherwise readily favors polymerization. Significantly, the resultant product characterization in the reactions concerned underscores the difficulty associated with analyzing complex prebiotically relevant reactions due to inherent limitation of current analytical methods.

Some reflections on the Contextualist approach to ethico-legal texts of the Quran

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-237
Author(s):  
Abdullah Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Contextualist Approach ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractA “contextualist” reading of the Quran is becoming increasingly popular, particularly among those Muslims referred to as “progressive-ijtihadis”. One of the primary concerns of this reading is that in order to understand and interpret the ethico-legal content of the Quran and relate that content to the changing needs and circumstances of Muslims today, it is important to approach the text at different levels, giving a high degree of emphasis to the socio-historical context of the text. In the classical tafsīr this emphasis on socio-historical context was not considered important, particularly in the interpretation of the ethico-legal texts, despite the frequent use of asbāb al-nuzūl literature. In this paper, I will explore how progressive-ijtihadis are adopting a contextualist reading of ethico-legal texts of the Quran. To illustrate this, I will use one or two such texts (verses) and their interpretations by the progressive-ijtihadis and will seek to demonstrate the contours of this approach, and highlight some of the challenges this approach is facing.

scholarly journals The understanding of the text and images by teenagers with different levels of intelligence with eye tracking using

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Zashchirinskaia ◽  
Elena Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Emotional Aspect ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this study was to identify and compare the characteristics of the recognition and understanding of verbal and nonverbal stimuli in the form of a text and drawing images of various degrees of definition applicable to students with mild mental retardation. The objects of the comparative study were graduates of schools with a varying degree of the intelligence decline (F83 – mixed specific disorders of psychological development and F70 – mild mental retardation). 85 subjects were participants. There were 49% boys and 51% girls. The study revealed specific features of perception and understanding of the texts and images of different degree of visual complexity by students with mild mental retardation. In the analysis of the visual information, they preferred to focus on the emotional aspect of the content both of the texts and pictures. Students with mild mental retardation demonstrated a lower level of cognitive development and volitional activity when viewing a stimulus of a high degree of visual complexity. A specific feature in the perception and understanding of the texts and images by these students is the lack of cognitive orientation on the procedural side event analysis.

scholarly journals Influence of fertilizer and hydrogel on physical-chemical attributes of substrate for seedling production

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauce Taís de Oliveira Sousa Azevedo ◽  
Anderson Marcos de Souza ◽  
Gileno Brito de Azevedo ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Teodoro ◽  
José Raimundo Luduvico de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Different Doses

The incorporation of the hydrogel into the substrate used in the forest nursery promotes improvements in its physical-chemical attributes. However, several factors influence the hydrogel efficiency, such as the increase of salts, promoted by fertilizer of the substrate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses on the physical-chemical attributes of a substrate to produce forest seedlings. Different levels of basic fertilizer commonly used in the nursery (100%, 50% and 0%) and different doses of the hydrogel (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) were incorporated into the substrate Tropstrato Florestal®, consisting of 12 treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme. A sample of the substrate in each treatment was sent for analysis of its physical and chemical attributes. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on the physical-chemical attributes of the substrate, was used the multivariate principal components analyses. The levels of fertilizer and hydrogel doses were correlated with the attributes of the substrates obtained in each treatment. The incorporation of different fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses to the substrate modified their chemical and physical attributes. Fertilizers have influenced mainly the chemical attributes of the substrate, whereas hydrogels have influenced the physical attributes, mainly those related to water retention capacity and availability.

Electoral Systems in Context

2017 ◽  
pp. 600-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa von Schoultz
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Different Levels

The Finnish electoral system combines open-list proportional representation (OLPR) and mandatory preferential voting. OLPR provides the Finnish electoral system with a high degree of intra- and interparty competition. The inherent duality of the system has a multitude of effects on how elections are played out at different levels. The chapter provides a thorough presentation of the basic features of the electoral system and discusses its consequences, with a specific focus on how the two levels of competition influence the internal logic of Finnish politics in terms of nomination of candidates, how campaigns are fought, elections won, and the behavior and attitudes of voters, politicians, and parties.

Genetic Diversity in Staphylococcus aureus and Its Relation to Biofilm Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furqan Awan ◽  
Muhammad Muddassir Ali ◽  
Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Recurrent Infections ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Variable Characteristic ◽  
Different Levels

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been a substantial economic problem due to its antibiotic resistance, persistence inside host and recurrence of disease. It escapes from immunity because of its intra-cellular growth. Moreover, it forms biofilm on both living and in-animate surfaces that leads to recurrent infections and growth in food industry, respectively. Further, S. aureus undergoes the vertical and horizontal evolution that has genetically diversified the bacterial population. All the factors such as point mutations, plasmids, phages etc. have played their roles in diversifying this bacterium. Many bacterial physiological characteristics have been affected by genetic diversity. Biofilm forming ability is also considered as a variable characteristic of S. aureus that can help the bacteria to survive in different environments with different levels of biofilm production. In adapting the environment, S. aureus also forms different types of biofilm for its better survival. How genetic diversity is playing its role in this division of S. aureus is yet to be revealed. This chapter focuses on the factors related to genetic diversity and biofilm formation of S. aureus.

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