scholarly journals Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This): A Review and Perspectives on Aspartic Acid Production

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Holly Appleton ◽  
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Manufacturing Optimization

Aspartic acid, or “aspartate,” is a non-essential, four carbon amino acid produced and used by the body in two enantiomeric forms: L-aspartic acid and D-aspartic acid. The L-configuration of amino acids is the dominant form used in protein synthesis; thus, L-aspartic acid is by far the more common configuration. However, D-aspartic acid is one of only two known D-amino acids biosynthesized by eukaryotes. While L-aspartic acid is used in protein biosynthesis and neurotransmission, D-aspartic acid is associated with neurogenesis and the endocrine system. Aspartic acid production and use has been growing in recent years. The purpose of this article is to discuss various perspectives on aspartic acid, including its industrial utility, global markets, production and manufacturing, optimization, challenges, and future outlook. As such, this review will provide a thorough background on this key biochemical.

Mechanisms of violation of metabolic processes in the body of cows under the environments of technogenic agroecosystems

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
A. Pauli ◽  
E. Kokshanov ◽  
E. Vetrovaya ◽  
R. Fatkullin ◽  
E. Ermolova
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Frequent Exposure

In recent decades there has been an increase in the eff ects of technogenic factors, but this period can not be compared with the period of evolution of the world of animals. Frequent exposure of animals to inadequate biological and chemical factors separately and most often in a complex and in various combinations leads to a stress reduction in resistance, which is manifested in a variety of violations of all processes in the body, the activities of individual organs and systems. The purpose of this work was to study the mechanism of metabolic disorders in the body of cows in the current environmentally unfavorable situation. The high concentration of immunosuppressors, which causes a weakening of the immune function, aff ects the processes associated with the division of immunocompetent cells and in our studies this has been confi rmed by a decrease in the concentration of γ2 -globulins in the body of cows of both groups. Long-term exposure to adverse environmental factors activates functional systems specifi cally responsible for adaptation, as has shown by the analysis of the protein spectrum of cow’s blood serum. This occurs through releasing hormones, through which the hypothalamus communicates the nervous system with the endocrine system. Adaptive restructuring is accompanied by high energy costs and the development of the process as a rule ends with a decrease in resistance, because glucocorticoids inhibit protein biosynthesis, which has been confi rmed by the results obtained and activate the breakdown of tissue proteins, and as a result the level of free amino acids increases as evidenced by the activity of transaminases. The decrease in the blood glucose concentration of the studied cows to 2,71±0,08–3,10±0,09 mmol/l also confi rms the above information.

scholarly journals Effect of chelates on gilts' colon microbiocenosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
I. V. Ziruk ◽  
V. V. Salautin ◽  
M. E. Kopchekchi ◽  
A. V. Egunova ◽  
S. V. Shpul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Mineral Additives

Mineral additives in the form of inorganic salts such as sulfates or oxides of various metals are poorly absorbed by the body. At the same time, the assimilation of salts of organic amino acids, which are more similar in structure to a living cell, occurs in a much greater volume, indicating that many organic forms of trace elements are more accessible than inorganic ones. The analysis and study of the effect of the mineral complex based on L-aspartic acid on the microbiological state of the contents of the rectum of pigs was carried out. The use of asparaginates in the diets in an amount of 10% contributed to the normalization of the microbiocenosis of the large intestine of animals, due to the creation of the most optimal conditions for the development of normal flora (lacto-and bifidobacteria) and a simultaneous slowdown in the reproduction of opportunistic microflora.

scholarly journals BILE SALT METABOLISM AS INFLUENCED BY PURE AMINO ACIDS AND CASEIN DIGESTS

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Hawkins ◽  
P. C. Hanson ◽  
R. W. Coon ◽  
R. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cholic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Bile Fistula

A non-protein diet supplemented with vitamins fed to a bile fistula dog caused marked reduction in cholic acid and taurocholic acid formation. A mixture of pure amino acids, essential for growth, promoted taurocholic acid production for a limited period. A mixture of amino acids composed of 2 fractions of a casein digest fortified with dl-methionine and dl-tryptophane, (Merck Vuj-N-ix), also resulted in increased taurocholic acid excretion. A casein digest, Amigen, supported cholic acid production, but there was very low taurocholic acid excretion. Addition of methionine to the Amigen brought about increased taurocholic acid excretion with reduction in the amount of free cholic acid in the bile. A bile fistula animal was maintained for a year in excellent condition and produced bile salt on a non-protein diet supplemented by vitamins, Amigen, and methionine. Unhydrolyzed alcoholic filtrate of bile contained traces of taurine, valine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. Acid-hydrolyzed alcoholic filtrate of bile contained large amounts of taurine, and significant amounts of leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, serine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid.

Enzymatic Synthesis of 15N-L-aspartic Acid Using Recombinant Aspartase from Escherichia Coli K12

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Lupan ◽  
Sergiu Chira ◽  
Maria Chiriac ◽  
Nicolae Palibroda ◽  
Octavian Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Industrial Enzymes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Natural Protein ◽  
Novel Method

Amino acids are obtained by bacterial fermentation, extraction from natural protein or enzymatic synthesis from specific substrates. With the introduction of recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to apply more rational approaches to enzymatic synthesis of amino acids. Aspartase (L-aspartate ammonia-lyase) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-aspartic acid to yield fumaric acid and ammonia. It is one of the most important industrial enzymes used to produce L-aspartic acid on a large scale. Here we described a novel method for [15N] L-aspartic synthesis from fumarate and ammonia (15NH4Cl) using a recombinant aspartase.

Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

Post-proline endopeptidase, further characterization of the enzyme from pig kidneys

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1846-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Hauzer ◽  
Tomislav Barth ◽  
Linda Servítová ◽  
Karel Jošt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Enzyme Molecule ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
N Terminus

A post-proline endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) was isolated from pig kidneys using a modified method described earlier. The enzyme was further purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The final product contained about 95% of post-proline endopeptidase. The enzyme molecule consisted of one peptide chain with a relative molecular mass of 65 600 to 70 000, containing a large proportion of acidic and alifatic amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine) and the N-terminus was formed by aspartic acid or asparagine. In order to prevent losses of enzyme activity, thiol compounds has to be added.

The potential mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation involving amino acids with multiple functional groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiarong Liu ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
Hui Rong ◽  
Xiuhui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
New Particle Formation

Amino acids are recognized as significant components of atmospheric aerosols. However, its potential role in the atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is poorly understood, especially aspartic acid (ASP), one of...

The Xylem Sap of Maize Roots: Its Collection, Composition and Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Canny ◽  
ME Mccully
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Three methods of sampling xylem sap of maize roots were compared: sap bleeding from the stem cut just above the ground; sap bleeding from the cut tops of roots still undisturbed in the ground; and sap aspirated from excavated roots under reduced pressure. The bleeding saps were often unobtainable. When their composition was measured with time from cutting, the concentrations of the major solutes approximately doubled in 2 h. Aspirated sap was chosen as the most reliable sample of root xylem contents. Solute concentrations of the saps showed great variability between individual roots for all solutes, but on average the concentrations found (in �mol g-1 sap) were: total amino acids, 1.8; nitrate, 1.8; sugars (mainly sucrose), 5.4; total organic acids, 18.3. Individual amino acids also varied greatly between roots. Glutamine, aspartic acid and serine were generally most abundant. The principal organic acid found was malic, approximately 8 �mol g-1. From these analyses the ratios of carbon in the fractions (sugars : amino acids : organic acids) = (44 : 6 : 50). 14Carbon pulse fed to a leaf appeared in the root sap within 30 min, rose to a peak at 4-6 h, and declined slowly over a week. During all this time the neutral, cation and anion fractions were sensibly constant in the proportions 86 : 10 : 4. The 14C therefore did not move towards the equilibrium of 12C-compounds in the sap. It is argued that the results do not support a hypothesis of formation of amino carbon from recent assimilate and reduced nitrate in the roots and an export of this to the shoot in the transpiration stream.

scholarly journals Transforming growth factor alpha: mutation of aspartic acid 47 and leucine 48 results in different biological activities.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Lazar ◽  
S Watanabe ◽  
S Dalton ◽  
M B Sporn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha

To study the relationship between the primary structure of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and some of its functional properties (competition with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for binding to the EGF receptor and induction of anchorage-independent growth), we introduced single amino acid mutations into the sequence for the fully processed, 50-amino-acid human TGF-alpha. The wild-type and mutant proteins were expressed in a vector by using a yeast alpha mating pheromone promoter. Mutations of two amino acids that are conserved in the family of the EGF-like peptides and are located in the carboxy-terminal part of TGF-alpha resulted in different biological effects. When aspartic acid 47 was mutated to alanine or asparagine, biological activity was retained; in contrast, substitutions of this residue with serine or glutamic acid generated mutants with reduced binding and colony-forming capacities. When leucine 48 was mutated to alanine, a complete loss of binding and colony-forming abilities resulted; mutation of leucine 48 to isoleucine or methionine resulted in very low activities. Our data suggest that these two adjacent conserved amino acids in positions 47 and 48 play different roles in defining the structure and/or biological activity of TGF-alpha and that the carboxy terminus of TGF-alpha is involved in interactions with cellular TGF-alpha receptors. The side chain of leucine 48 appears to be crucial either indirectly in determining the biologically active conformation of TGF-alpha or directly in the molecular recognition of TGF-alpha by its receptor.

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