scholarly journals Dual Extraction of Crustacean and Fungal Chitosan from a Single Mucor circinelloides Fermentation

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Nian Tan ◽  
Pei Pei Lee ◽  
Wei Ning Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mucor Circinelloides ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Degree Of Deacetylation ◽  
Fungal Chitosan ◽  
Red Grape ◽  
Dual Extraction

Mucor circinelloides is a fungus that has been reported to produce ethanol, oil, protein, phosphate and glucosamine, depending on the available nutrients and cultivation conditions. Due to its ability to produce extracellular proteases, it is able to ferment polypeptides and amino acids broken down from various protein sources. In this study, we attempted to culture the Mucor circinelloides on waste substrates to deproteinize prawn shells for the extraction of chitin and subsequently extract chitosan from its fungal cell wall in a concurrent fermentation. The physio-chemical properties of the extracted crustacean chitin and fungal chitosan were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Elemental Analysis (EA). We found that Mucor circinelloides grown on okara and coffee waste behaved as an excellent protease producer and successfully extracted chitin from prawn shells with a degree of deacetylation of 69.94% and 68.82%, respectively, comparable to commercial chitin (70.46%). The fungal chitosan extracted from the fermentation of Mucor circinelloides on red grape pomace substrate showed a degree of deacetylation of 61.05%, comparable to commercial chitosan (64.00%). Our results suggested feasibility of extracting chitosan from seafood waste-streams using cost-effective microbial fermentation.

scholarly journals Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysanthos Maraveas
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Minimal Impact

Agro-wastes are derived from diverse sources including grape pomace, tomato pomace, pineapple, orange, and lemon peels, sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, wheat straw, and palm oil fibers, among other affordable and commonly available materials. The carbon-rich precursors are used in the production bio-based polymers through microbial, biopolymer blending, and chemical methods. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 20–30% of fruits and vegetables are discarded as waste during post-harvest handling. The development of bio-based polymers is essential, considering the scale of global environmental pollution that is directly linked to the production of synthetic plastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PET). Globally, 400 million tons of synthetic plastics are produced each year, and less than 9% are recycled. The optical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, tensile strength, and water permeability are influenced by the synthetic route. The production of bio-based polymers from renewable sources and microbial synthesis are scalable, facile, and pose a minimal impact on the environment compared to chemical synthesis methods that rely on alkali and acid treatment or co-polymer blending. Despite the development of advanced synthetic methods and the application of biofilms in smart/intelligent food packaging, construction, exclusion nets, and medicine, commercial production is limited by cost, the economics of production, useful life, and biodegradation concerns, and the availability of adequate agro-wastes. New and cost-effective production techniques are critical to facilitate the commercial production of bio-based polymers and the replacement of synthetic polymers.

scholarly journals Bi2O3 nano-flakes as a cost-effective antibacterial agent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke D Geoffrion ◽  
David Medina Cruz ◽  
Matthew Kusper ◽  
Sakr Elsaidi ◽  
Fumiya Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bismuth Oxide ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bismuth Compound ◽  
Photo Catalysis ◽  
Physico Chemical

Bismuth oxide is an important bismuth compound having applications in electronics, photo-catalysis and medicine. At the nanoscale, bismuth oxide experiences a variety of new physico-chemical properties because of its increased...

scholarly journals Effect on the Antioxidant, Lipoperoxyl Radical Scavenger Capacity, Nutritional, Sensory and Microbiological Traits of an Ovine Stretched Cheese Produced with Grape Pomace Powder Addition

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimondo Gaglio ◽  
Ignazio Restivo ◽  
Marcella Barbera ◽  
Pietro Barbaccia ◽  
Marialetizia Ponte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Acid Generation ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Ovine Cheese ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Ewe's Milk ◽  
Red Grape ◽  
Experimental Trials

An innovative ovine cheese enriched with red grape pomace powder (GPP) was produced to improve the functional properties of Vastedda cheese typology. Vastedda cheese making was performed adding GPP and four selected Lactococcus lactis strains (Mise36, Mise94, Mise169 and Mise190). For each strain, 40 L of pasteurized ewe’s milk was divided into two aliquots representing control and experimental trials. Control cheese (CC) production did not contain GPP, while the experimental cheese (EC) production was enriched with 1% (w/w) GPP. GPP did not slow down starter development and acid generation. Plate counts and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis confirmed the dominance of the starters in all trials. The evolution of the physicochemical parameters showed that EC productions were characterized by lower fat content, higher protein content, and higher values of secondary lipid oxidation. Sensory evaluation indicated that the cheeses produced with the strain Mise94 were those more appreciated by the judges. Thus, the last cheeses were investigated for some functional aspects: GPP enrichment significantly increased antioxidant activity and lipoperoxyl radical scavenger capacity, confirming that grape polyphenol inclusion in cheese represents an optimal strategy for the valorization of ovine cheeses as well as winemaking industry by-products.

scholarly journals Shellfish Chitosan Potential in Wine Clarification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4417
Author(s):  
Veronica Vendramin ◽  
Gaia Spinato ◽  
Simone Vincenzi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Deacetylation Degree ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Fungal Chitosan ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Industry

Chitosan is a chitin-derived fiber, extracted from the shellfish shells, a by-product of the fish industry, or from fungi grown in bioreactors. In oenology, it is used for the control of Brettanomyces spp., for the prevention of ferric, copper, and protein casse and for clarification. The International Organisation of Vine and Wine established the exclusive utilization of fungal chitosan to avoid the eventuality of allergic reactions. This work focuses on the differences between two chitosan categories, fungal and animal chitosan, characterizing several samples in terms of chitin content and degree of deacetylation. In addition, different acids were used to dissolve chitosans, and their effect on viscosity and on the efficacy in wine clarification were observed. The results demonstrated that even if fungal and animal chitosans shared similar chemical properties (deacetylation degree and chitin content), they showed different viscosity depending on their molecular weight but also on the acid used to dissolve them. A significant difference was discovered on their fining properties, as animal chitosans showed a faster and greater sedimentation compared to the fungal ones, independently from the acid used for their dissolution. This suggests that physical–chemical differences in the molecular structure occur between the two chitosan categories and that this significantly affects their technologic (oenological) properties.

scholarly journals Surface functionalization of Ti6Al4V with an extract of polyphenols from red grape pomace

2021 ◽  
pp. 109776
Author(s):  
G. Riccucci ◽  
M. Cazzola ◽  
S. Ferraris ◽  
V.A. Gobbo ◽  
M. Guaita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Functionalization ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Red Grape

scholarly journals A Lyophilized Red Grape Pomace Containing Proanthocyanidin-Rich Dietary Fiber Induces Genetic and Metabolic Alterations in Colon Mucosa of Female C57BL/6J Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
pp. 1597-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daneida Lizarraga ◽  
M. Pilar Vinardell ◽  
Véronique Noé ◽  
Joost H. van Delft ◽  
Gema Alcarraz-Vizán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Colon Mucosa ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Red Grape

scholarly journals Synthesis and Conductivity Studies of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) by Co-Polymerization and Blending with Polyaniline (PANi)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari ◽  
Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ◽  
Mohd Nazim Mohtar ◽  
Norizah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Azizan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Conducting Materials ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Polymerization Condition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a lightweight insulating polymer that possesses good mechanical stability. On the other hand, polyaniline (PANi) is one of the most favorable conducting materials to be used, as it is easily synthesized, cost-effective, and has good conductivity. However, most organic solvents have restricted potential applications due to poor mechanical properties and dispersibility. Compared to PANi, PMMA has more outstanding physical and chemical properties, such as good dimensional stability and better molecular interactions between the monomers. To date, many research studies have focused on incorporating PANi into PMMA. In this review, the properties and suitability of PANi as a conducting material are briefly reviewed. The major parts of this paper reviewed different approaches to incorporating PANi into PMMA, as well as evaluating the modifications to improve its conductivity. Finally, the polymerization condition to prepare PMMA/PANi copolymer to improve its conductivity is also discussed.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans and comparison of their effects with antifungal drugs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Hosseini Bafghi ◽  
Razieh Nazari ◽  
Majid Darroudi ◽  
Mohsen Zargar ◽  
Hossein Zarrinfar
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Selenium Nanoparticles ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Biosynthesis of nanoparticles can stand as a replacement for the available chemical and physical methods by offering new procedures as green syntheses that have proved to be simple, biocompatible, safe, and cost-effective. Considering how nanoparticles with a size of 1 to 100 nanometers contain unique physical and chemical properties, recent reports are indicative of observing the antifungal qualities of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs). Recently, the observance of antifungal resistance towards different species of these fungi is often reported. Therefore, due to the antifungal effects of biological nanoparticles, this study aimed to investigate the exertion of these nanoparticles and evaluate their effects on the growth of fungal pathogens. Se-NPs were biosynthesized by the application of wet reduction method, which included specific concentrations of Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by methods such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, and FESEM electron microscope that involved FESEM and EDAX diagram. The fungal strains were cultured in sabouraud dextrose agar medium to perform the sensitivity test based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method in duplicate. The utilization of Se-NPs at concentrations of 1 µg/ ml and below resulted in zero growth of fungal agents. However, their growth was inhibited by antifungal drugs at concentrations of 2 µg/ ml and higher. Based on the obtained results, biological nanoparticles produced by fungal agents at different concentrations exhibited favorable inhibitory effects on the growth of fungal strains.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characterization of biochars from Eucalyptus maiden Entandrophragma cylindricum (Liboyo), Milicia excelsa (Muvula.) and Ocotea michelsonie (licheche) used in Goma city, DR Congo for water treatment potentials

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Amboko Benjamin Muhiwa ◽  
Mathias Fru Fonteh ◽  
Estella Buleng Tamungang Njoyim ◽  
François N. Gapgue
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
Weakly Alkaline ◽  
Milicia Excelsa

In recent years, research on biochar as an eco-friendly material and cost-effective means for water treatment, soil amendment and carbon sequestration has gained more attention due to the availability of feedstock, the simplicity of the preparation methods, and their enhanced physico-chemical properties. Given that pyrolysis temperature and resident time amongst other factors have significant effect on biochar’s pollutant removal efficacy, this study focused on the evaluation of some properties of biochars produced by pyrolysis (500 - 600 °C) from Entandrophragma cylindricum (ECB), Eucalyptus maiden (EMB), Milicia excelsa (MEB) and Ocotea michelsonie (OMB) sawdusts for their water treatment potentials by using standardized methods. Biomass generated from wood mill in the city of Goma (DR Congo) is valorised for the first time as potential water  purifier. The highest yield was obtained from OMB (36.6%) which was found to be significantly greater that those of ECB and EMB (p<0.05). All the biochars had neutral to weakly alkaline pH (7.10-7.90), very high porosity (92-94%, with EMB having the highest value) and ash content between 9.40 and 18.40%, with the highest value attributed to OMB). Most physical and chemical characteristics of biochars varied significantly due to different wood species. Potential toxic elements were far belowenvironmental threshold values and exchangeable cations were equally detected in the biochars. The obtained biochars are therefore seen as good media for water treatment.

scholarly journals Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Transport of Nanobodies Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Širochmanová ◽  
Ľ. Čomor ◽  
E. Káňová ◽  
I. Jiménez-Munguía ◽  
Z. Tkáčová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Central Nervous System Disease ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract The presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier presents animmense challenge for effective delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. Many potential drugs, which are effective at their site of action, have failed due to the lack of distribution in sufficient quantity to the central nervous system (CNS). In consequence, many diseases of the central nervous system remain undertreated. Antibodies, IgG for example, are difficult to deliver to the CNS due to their size (~155 kDa), physico-chemical properties and the presence of Fc receptor on the blood-brain barrier. Smaller antibodies, like the recently developed nanobodies, may overcome the obstacle of the BBB and enter into the CNS. The nanobodies are the smallest available antigen-binding fragments harbouring the full antigenbinding capacity of conventional antibodies. They represent a new generation of therapeutics with exceptional properties, such as: recognition of unique epitopes, target specificity, high affinity, high solubility, high stability and high expression yields in cost-effective recombinant production. Their ability to permeate across the BBBmakes thema promising alternative for central nervous system disease therapeutics. In this review, we have systematically presented different aspects of the BBB, drug delivery mechanisms employed to cross the BBB, and finally nanobodies — a potential therapeutic molecule against neuroinfections.

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