scholarly journals Effects of Low Levels of Dispersed Retention on the Growth and Survival of Young, Planted Douglas-Fir

Forests ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Smith ◽  
William J. Beese
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Dispersed Retention ◽  
Low Levels

A field experiment informs expected patterns of conifer regeneration after disturbance under changing climate conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1607-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica T. Rother ◽  
Thomas T. Veblen ◽  
Luke G. Furman
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Treatment Type

Climate change may inhibit tree regeneration following disturbances such as wildfire, altering post-disturbance vegetation trajectories. We implemented a field experiment to examine the effects of manipulations of temperature and water on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings planted in a low-elevation, recently disturbed setting of the Colorado Front Range. We implemented four treatments: warmed only (Wm), watered only (Wt), warmed and watered (WmWt), and control (Co). We found that measures of growth and survival varied significantly by treatment type. Average growth and survival was highest in the Wt plots, followed by the Co, WmWt, and Wm plots, respectively. This general trend was observed for both conifer species, although average growth and survival was generally higher in ponderosa pine than in Douglas-fir. Our findings suggest that warming temperatures and associated drought are likely to inhibit post-disturbance regeneration of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir in low-elevation forests of the Colorado Front Range and that future vegetation composition and structure may differ notably from historic patterns in some areas. Our findings are relevant to other forested ecosystems in which a warming climate may similarly inhibit regeneration by dominant tree species.

scholarly journals FLK-2/FLT-3 ligand regulates the growth of early myeloid progenitors isolated from human fetal liver

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Muench ◽  
MG Roncarolo ◽  
S Menon ◽  
Y Xu ◽  
R Kastelein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Human Fetal Liver ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Clonal Cultures ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Macrophage Colony

The effects of the recently identified FLK-2/FLT-3 ligand (FL) on the growth of purified human fetal liver progenitors were investigated under serum-deprived culture conditions. FL alone was found to stimulate modest proliferation in short-term cultures of CD34++ CD38+ lineage (Lin)- light-density fetal liver (LDFL) cells and the more primitive CD34++ CD38- Lin- LDFL cells. However, the low levels of growth induced by FL were insufficient for colony formation in clonal cultures. Synergism between FL and either granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) or KIT ligand (KL) was observed in promoting the growth of high-proliferative potential (HPP) colony-forming cells (CF) and/or low-proliferative potential (LPP)-CFC in cultures of CD34++ CD38+ Lin- and CD34++ CD38- Lin- LDFL- cells. FL, alone or in combination with other cytokines, was not found to affect the growth of CD34+ Lin- LDFL cells, the most mature subpopulation of fetal liver progenitors investigated. The growth of the most primitive subset of progenitors studied, CD34++ CD38- Lin- LDFL cells, required the interactions of at least two cytokines, because only very low levels of growth were observed in response to either FL, GM-CSF, IL-3 or KL alone. However, the results of delayed cytokine-addition experiments suggested that individually these cytokines did promote the survival of this early population of progenitors. Although two-factor combinations of FL, KL, and GM-CSF were observed to promote the growth of early progenitors in a synergistic manner, neither of these factors was found to make fetal liver progenitors more responsive to suboptimal concentrations of a second cytokine. Only myeloid cells were recovered from liquid cultures of CD34++ CD38- Lin- LDFL cells grown in the presence of combinations of FL, KL, and GM-CSF. These results indicate that FL is part of a network of growth factors that regulate the growth and survival of early hematopoietic progenitors.

scholarly journals Root Volume and Growth of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Seedlings: A Summary of Eight Growing Seasons

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rose ◽  
D. L. Haase ◽  
F. Kroiher ◽  
T. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Early Results

Abstract This is the final summary of two studies on the relationship between root volume and seedling growth; early results were published previously. Survival, growth, and stem volume were determined for 2+0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings after 8 growing seasons. For each species, seedlings from three seedlots were assigned to one of three root-volume categories [<4.5 cm3 (RV1), 4.5-7 cm3 (RV2), and >7 cm3 (RV3) for ponderosa pine; <9 cm3 (RV1), 9-13 cm3 (RV2), and >13 cm3 (RV3) for Douglas-fir]. On a dry harsh ponderosa pine site on the eastern slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon, where gopher and cattle damage decreased the number of seedlings, more seedlings in the highest root-volume category survived (70%) than in the smaller root-volume categories (62% and 50%). Douglas-fir on a good site in the Coast Range of Oregon showed significantly greater height and stem volume for the largest root-volume category, whereas annual shoot growth and survival did not differ. Root volume is one of several potentially useful criteria for predicting long-term growth and survival after outplanting. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):69-73.

Effects of tree cover, understory vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in southwestern Argentina

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
F D Caccia ◽  
C L Ballaré
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Seedling Predation

The factors and processes that regulate Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) natural regeneration in southwestern Argentina are unknown. We investigated (i) the germination responses of P. menziesii seeds to variations in the radiation and thermal environments imposed by canopy cover and litter, (ii) the effects of litter on seedling emergence, and (iii) the effects of understory vegetation on seedling performance and seed and seedling predation. Seed germination was high in darkness and under canopies. Under a combination of canopy types and litter covers, germination showed a negative correlation with temperature between 23 and 40°C. Germination was not altered by changes in red/far-red ratio. These results suggest that the presence of an overstory canopy promotes P. menziesii seed germination compared with a no-canopy situation (e.g., a clearcut). Litter inhibited seedling emergence by reducing water availability and by acting as a mechanical barrier. Understory vegetation (established saplings) reduced seedling growth and survival. However, our results suggest that direct competition between seedlings and understory vegetation is not the principal force regulating regeneration; indirect effects appear to be of paramount importance because P. menziesii seed and seedling consumption (presumably by rodents) is greatly encouraged by the presence of dense vegetation patches in the understory.

Effects of Environment on Growth and Survival of Douglas-fir Transplants

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
E. B. Tregunna ◽  
M. Crown
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Root Treatment ◽  
Spring Planting

Variation in lifting date, planting date, planting site, seedling history, root treatment, and storage time were tested for their effects on Douglas-fir transplants. Survival, water status, types of damage, and both shoot and root growth were measured. Survival decreased with later spring planting date in the field, but this was partly offset by trends in browsing. Survival was greater at the lower elevation. Differences in seed lot, or conditions in the nursery, resulted in differences in tree size, which had some effects because the larger trees were browsed more. Survival and growth were not markedly different between root treatments. Cold storage increased survival of trees lifted late in the spring. The relative turgidity of leaves from bareroot trees in storage was related to lifting date and subsequent survival. Survival decreased severely as lifting date progressed through March.

scholarly journals Survival of Selected Pathogenic Bacteria during PDO Pecorino Romano Cheese Ripening

Dairy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312
Author(s):  
Giacomo Lai ◽  
Rita Melillo ◽  
Massimo Pes ◽  
Margherita Addis ◽  
Antonio Fadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
First Time

This study was conducted to assess, for the first time, the survival of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus during the ripening of protected designation of origin (PDO) Pecorino Romano cheese. A total of twenty-four cheese-making trials (twelve from raw milk and twelve from thermized milk) were performed under the protocol specified by PDO requirements. Sheep cheese milk was first inoculated before processing with approximately 106 colony-forming unit (CFU) mL−1 of each considered pathogen and the experiment was repeated six times for each selected pathogen. Cheese composition and pathogens count were then evaluated in inoculated raw milk, thermized milk, and cheese after 1, 90, and 150 days of ripening. pH, moisture, water activity, and salt content of cheese were within the range of the commercial PDO Pecorino Romano cheese. All the cheeses made from raw and thermized milk were microbiologically safe after 90 days and 1 day from their production, respectively. In conclusion, when Pecorino Romano cheese is produced under PDO specifications, from raw or thermized milk, a combination of factors including the speed and extent of curd acidification in the first phase of the production, together with an intense salting and a long ripening time, preclude the possibility of growth and survival of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7. Only S. aureus can be still detectable at such low levels that it does not pose a risk to consumers.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Stock Type and Forest Vegetation Management Treatments on Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Survival—Ten-Year Results

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wightman ◽  
Gonzalez-Benecke ◽  
Dinger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Forest Vegetation Management

In the Pacific Northwest, the use of forest vegetation management (FVM) and seedling stock type selection are important tools to ensure seedling establishment according to organizational objectives and state laws. Individually, these two reforestation decisions have been shown to increase growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings, however, the interaction between seedling stock type and level of vegetation control represents economic and ecologic tradeoffs that are less well understood. This study was designed to test the combined effects of three FVM regimes and three containerized stock types, one of which was experimental at the time, on Douglas-fir growth during the initial ten years of establishment on a site near Belfair, Washington (USA). When compared to the no-action control, FVM treatments reduced competitive plant cover below 20% during the year of application, and differences in vegetation cover persisted through the fifth growing season. Vegetation species diversity recovered quickly after FVM and there were no differences among the treatments by the third growing season. After ten growing seasons, trees in plots treated with FVM were 1.1 m taller with a mean diameter at breast height (DBH) 2.2 cm larger than those in the no-action control. Larger seedlings at the time of planting (styro-60) were 0.6 m taller with a mean DBH 1.1 cm larger than smaller seedlings (styro-8 and styro-15). The only significant stock type by FVM interaction in the experiment occurred with the survival of styro-60 seedlings growing in the no action control which had lower survival than all other treatment combinations (67% vs 91%). The long-term competitive impact of shrub cover was demonstrated by a strong non-linear relationship. Increasing cumulative shrub cover from 10% to 30% during the first two years of establishment reduced stand volume at year 10 by 79%.

scholarly journals Laminated Root Rot and Fumigant Injection Affect Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
Walter G. Thies
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Survival

Abstract Laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii is a significant disease of western conifers; it is important to understand the effects of the disease on tree growth and survival and, for some management objectives, to develop treatments that will reduce those effects. This study was conducted in a 47-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand in northwest Oregon. First, we evaluated the effects of root system infection on diameter and height growth. Growth rates were lowest in trees with high infection levels; root infection level affected diameter growth more than height growth. Second, we evaluated the effects of fumigation treatments on tree growth. The nine treatments were as follows: three dosages of methylisothiocyanate (MITC), four dosages of chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), one dosage of Vorlex [20% MITC, 80% chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons (v/v)], and a control. The fumigants were applied by inserting them into holes drilled into the base of live trees. After nine growing seasons, all three of the treatments applying different dosages of MITC and the treatment applying the lowest dosage of chloropicrin had higher tree survival rates than the untreated control, and the growth rates in those four fumigation treatments were not significantly different from growth in the surviving control trees.

Ten-year growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings treated with plant growth regulating substances at transplant

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1778-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
C F Scagel ◽  
R G Linderman ◽  
R K Scagel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
The Cost

Commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention gels, applied to the roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) before planting, can modify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in roots, root growth responses, and tree survival. We treated two different 1+0 stock types (PSB313B and PSB323) of Douglas-fir with indole-butyric acid (IBA), ethephon (Ethrel®), alginate, or a combination of IBA and alginate. New root growth and IAA levels in roots were measured 2 weeks after planting, and aboveground growth and tree survival were monitored over 10 growing seasons after planting. Treatment with IBA or the combination of IBA and alginate increased IAA conjugate and free IAA levels in roots, root growth, and tree survival. Alginate treatment alone increased new root growth and tree survival, but did not increase free IAA levels in roots. Ethrel® treatment increased free IAA levels and root growth, but had no effect on IAA conjugates or tree survival. A cost analysis suggests that use of certain PGRs or alginate decreases the cost required to attain target stocking and increased tree size. Our results suggest that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of Douglas-fir before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and tree survival.

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