scholarly journals Ray Traits of Juvenile Wood and Mature Wood: Pinus massonia and Cunninghamia lanceolata

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Qiulu Meng ◽  
Feng Fu ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Tuo He ◽  
Xiaomei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Tracheid

Ray traits affect secondary xylem development and wood properties. Pinus massonia and Cunninghamia lanceolata, commercially important timber species, were chosen to study the differences in wood ray traits of juvenile versus mature wood. Seven ray traits, i.e., percentage of rays, ray spacing, ray number, uniseriate ray height, fusiform ray height, ray parenchyma cell length and ray tracheid length, as well as eight wood axial tissue traits, were investigated quantitatively. Intraspecific variations in ray traits and axial tissue traits between juvenile wood and mature wood were displayed in violin plots. The results showed that anatomical differences between juvenile wood and mature wood were significant for both ray traits and axial tissue traits. Juvenile wood generally possessed the larger percentage of rays, higher ray spacing and ray number, smaller ray height and shorter ray cells than mature wood. A positive correlation was present between the ray parenchyma cell length and ray tracheid length. Negative correlations of the ray number and ray spacing with uniseriate ray height were found. Additionally, the axial tracheid cell wall thickness all had Pearson’s correlations with ray spacing, ray number and ray parenchyma cell length.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Correlations among Growth and Selected Wood Properties in White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) †

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyriac S. Mvolo ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Maurice Defo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Anatomical Properties

We examined phenotypic relationships among radial growth-related, physical (i.e., related to wood density), and anatomical (i.e., related to tracheid dimensions) wood properties in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), in order to determine the strength and significance of their correlations. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish if all of the properties must be measured and to determine the key properties that can be used as proxies for the other variables. Radial growth-related and physical properties were measured with an X-ray densitometer, while anatomical properties were measured with a Fiber Quality Analyzer. Fifteen wood properties (tracheid length (TL) and diameter (TD), earlywood tracheid length (ETL) and diameter (ETD), latewood tracheid length (LTL) and diameter (LTD), ring width (RW), ring area (RA), earlywood width (EWW), latewood width (LWW), latewood proportion (LWP), ring density (RD), intra-ring density variation, earlywood density (EWD), and latewood density (LWD)) were assessed. Relationships were evaluated at intra-ring and inter-ring levels in the juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) zones. Except for a few cases when mature tracheid diameter (TD) was involved, all intra-ring anatomical properties were highly and significantly correlated. Radial growth properties were correlated, with stronger relationships in MW compared to JW. Physical properties were often positively and significantly correlated in both JW and MW. A higher earlywood density coupled with a lower latewood density favored wood uniformity, i.e., the homogeneity of ring density within a growth ring. Managing plantations to suppress trees growth during JW formation, and enhancing radial growth when MW formation starts will favor overall wood quality. In order, RW-EWW-RA, TL-ETL-LTL, and RD-EWD-LWP are the three clusters that appeared in the three wood zones, the whole pith-to-bark radial section, the juvenile wood zone, and the mature wood zone.

Variation of tracheid length within annual rings of Scots pine and Norway spruce

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Tuula Jyske ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tracheid Length

Abstract Variation of tracheid length was studied within individual annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the pith to the bark. The material consisted of six Scots pine and six Norway spruce trees growing on sites of both low and high fertility. Microtome sections of 0.25 mm thick were cut from annual rings 7, 20 and 50 counted from the pith outwards, i.e., juvenile, transition and mature wood, respectively. After maceration, tracheid lengths were separately measured in each sample. In juvenile wood of Scots pine, tracheids were on average 17% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. However, in juvenile wood, the first formed earlywood tracheids were slightly longer than those in the middle of the earlywood zone. In the transition and mature wood of Scots pine, the increase in tracheid length was more gradual from earlywood to latewood, and no significant differences were found between earlywood and latewood. In Norway spruce, tracheids were 2–4% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. In general, tracheid length is highly variable within annual rings and the variation can differ from ring-to-ring even within the same tree.

Maturation Rate of Tracheid Lengthening in Slow-Grown Young Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica) Trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kubo ◽  
Miwako Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Maturation Rate

Maturation rate, the rate of increase in tracheid length in juvenile wood, was examined in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) saplings grown for five years under different shading conditions: 10%, 20% 40% and 100 % of relative illumination intensity. The lowest photointensity dramatically suppressed radial growth and slowed tracheid lengthening. Radial variation of tracheid length within the stem was associated with distance from the pith, rather than the number of annual rings from the pith. Furthermore, maturation rate was closely related to the rate of the radial growth, which changed proportionally with growth rate below a 2-3 mm ring width. A lower maturation rate of tracheid length is associated with a delay in the transition from juvenile to mature wood.

Impact of spacing on tracheid length, relative density, and growth rate of juvenile wood and mature wood in Piceamariana

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang ◽  
G. Hazenberg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Boundary Point ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Ten 38-year-old trees of Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., grown at each of three spacings (1.8 × 1.8, 2.7 × 2.7, and 3.6 × 3.6 m), at Stanley, 30 km west of Thunder Bay, Ont., were used to study the impact of spacing on growth rate, relative density, and tracheid length of juvenile and mature wood. Increment cores of 12 mm diameter were extracted from the south aspect of each tree at breast height. The boundary of juvenile and mature wood was demarcated by the variation in tracheid length, which varied among trees from ring 11 to 21. Average growth rate, relative density, and tracheid length were obtained between the pith and boundary point (juvenile wood) and beyond the boundary point (mature wood). Differences between the levels of spacing for the three response variables in both juvenile and mature wood were tested using contrasts. Properties of juvenile and mature wood were found to be affected differently by the plantation spacing. Juvenile wood has a faster growth rate and shorter fibres than mature wood. Relative density was similar in both wood zones. The growth rate in juvenile wood was found to be significantly different among the spacing levels. For mature wood, only the growth rate at the 3.6 × 3.6 m spacing was significantly different from the other two spacing levels. The highest relative density, 0.39, in both juvenile and mature wood was found at the 1.8 × 1.8 m spacing. No significant difference in the relative density between the two wider spacings was observed. At the widest spacing, the relative density was 8% lower than that at the 1.8 × 1.8 m spacing. The longest fibre lengths were found at the intermediate 2.7 × 2.7 m spacing, 2.05 mm in juvenile wood and 2.94 mm in mature wood. Tracheid lengths of the 3.6 × 3.6 m spacing were significantly shorter than those of the other two spacings. The relative density and tracheid length of plantation grown wood were lower than those of natural grown wood by at least 5% for relative density and 33% for tracheid length.

A Proposal for a New Indicator for Expressing the Metabolic Activity of Living Sapwood Ray Parenchyma Cells

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Elongation Index ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

A more reliable indicator for expressing the metabolic activity of a living sapwood ray parenchyma cell is proposed and is compared with the old nuclear slenderness ratio (NSR) indicator. NSR is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the width of the nucleus. The new indicator, the nuclear elongation index (NEI), is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the length of the ray parenchyma cell multiplied by 100. The validity of the NEI and difference of the use of the NSR and NEI are compared and evaluated.

scholarly journals MaxEnt Modeling Based on CMIP6 Models to Project Potential Suitable Zones for Cunninghamia lanceolata in China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Yichen Zhou ◽  
Zengxin Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhu ◽  
Xuefei Cheng ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Suitable Area

Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) is one of the main timber species in Southern China, which has a wide planting range that accounts for 25% of the overall afforested area. Moreover, it plays a critical role in soil and water conservation; however, its suitability is subject to climate change. For this study, the appropriate distribution area of C. lanceolata was analyzed using the MaxEnt model based on CMIP6 data, spanning 2041–2060. The results revealed that (1) the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), and the mean diurnal range (bio2) were the most important environmental variables that affected the distribution of C. lanceolata; (2) the currently suitable areas of C. lanceolata were primarily distributed along the southern coastal areas of China, of which 55% were moderately so, while only 18% were highly suitable; (3) the projected suitable area of C. lanceolata would likely expand based on the BCC-CSM2-MR, CanESM5, and MRI-ESM2-0 under different SSPs spanning 2041–2060. The increased area estimated for the future ranged from 0.18 to 0.29 million km2, where the total suitable area of C. lanceolata attained a maximum value of 2.50 million km2 under the SSP3-7.0 scenario, with a lowest value of 2.39 million km2 under the SSP5-8.5 scenario; (4) in combination with land use and farmland protection policies of China, it is estimated that more than 60% of suitable land area could be utilized for C. lanceolata planting from 2041–2060 under different SSP scenarios. Although climate change is having an increasing influence on species distribution, the deleterious impacts of anthropogenic activities cannot be ignored. In the future, further attention should be paid to the investigation of species distribution under the combined impacts of climate change and human activities.

Distribution of juvenile wood in two stems of Larixlaricina

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
C. A. Benson ◽  
J. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width

The distribution and vertical variation of juvenile wood was studied in an 81-year-old dominant tree and an 83-year-old suppressed tree of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Two criteria, growth ring width and tracheid length, were used to demarcate the boundary of juvenile wood. The width of juvenile wood, expressed in centimetres and the number of growth rings, decreased noticeably from the base to the top of the tree. The volume of juvenile wood decreased in a similar pattern. These decreasing trends had a strong negative correlation with the year of formation of cambial initials at a given tree level. The length of these cambial initials decreased with increasing age of formation of the cambial initials. In the juvenile wood zone, there was a positive linear regression between the growth ring number (age) and the tracheid length. The slopes of these regression lines at various tree levels increased as the age of the year of formation of the cambial initials increased. At a given tree level, the length of tracheids increased from the pith to a more uniform length near the bark. However, the number of years needed to attain a more uniform tracheid length decreased from the base to the top of the tree. These relationships suggest that the formation of juvenile wood is related to the year of formation of the cambial initials. Consequently, the juvenile wood is conical in shape, tapering towards the tree top.

Wood density of natural white spruce populations in Quebec

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Corriveau ◽  
J. Beaulieu ◽  
F. Mothe
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Sampling ◽  
The Individual

During genetic sampling of white spruce in 1984, increment cores were taken from 80 populations in order to study wood density variation within species in natural Quebec forests. Results show that wood density differences exist between populations and that wood density is negatively correlated with the width of the growth rings; however, some trees and some populations exhibit both high wood density and rapid growth. A moderate positive link was found between juvenile and mature wood densities at both the individual and population levels. Therefore, breeding programs for the improvement of wood density could be based on selections made on juvenile wood.

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