scholarly journals Effect of Feller-Buncher Model, Slope Class and Cutting Area on the Productivity and Costs of Whole Tree Harvesting in Brazilian Eucalyptus Stands

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1092
Author(s):  
Ricardo Hideaki Miyajima ◽  
Paulo Torres Fenner ◽  
Gislaine Cristina Batistela ◽  
Danilo Simões
Keyword(s):  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Eucalyptus Forest ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Individual Volume ◽  
Machine Cost ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Model Slope ◽  
Slope Class

The operational productivity and costs of tree felling operations can be influenced by several factors, among which, the machine characteristics, slope class, the cutting area and the individual volume of the trees stand out. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to analyze the productivity and production cost for two feller-bunchers with different technical characteristics operating in a eucalyptus forest. The productivity was calculated from a time study and the factors analyzed were two feller-buncher models, two slope classes, and two cutting areas. The machine cost per scheduled hour was based on the methodology of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Analysis of the results showed that the felling and turn operational elements occupied the most time in the operational cycle of feller-bunchers. The machine cost per scheduled hour was USD 69.69 h−1 for feller-buncher 1 and USD 102.03 h−1 for feller-buncher 2. In conclusion, the distinct technical characteristics of feller-bunchers were found to influence the productivity and, consequently, the cost, of the felling operation during the harvesting of whole eucalyptus trees.

scholarly journals The Impact of Felling Method, Bunch Size, Slope Degree and Skidding Area on Productivity and Costs of Skidding in a Eucalyptus Plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Hideaki Miyajima ◽  
Danilo Simões ◽  
Paulo Torres Fenner ◽  
Gislaine Cristina Batistela
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Machine Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Components

Grapple skidder is a machine designed for the extraction of tree bunches after felling. Several factors influence its technical performance and costs such as terrain slope, operator experience time, machine type, and the size of tree bunches for each operating cycle, among others. Thus, it becomes necessary to weigh the variables that most influence the productivity and costs of the grapple skidder. So, the main objective was evaluated according to the influence of bunch size using two feller bunchers with distinct technical characteristics, two slope classes and two skidding areas on the productivity and machine production cost in a Eucalyptus plantation. For the analysis of the productivity, the study of time and method was applied and the scheduled machine cost per hour was based on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations methods. When analyzing the results, it was found that the operational elements moving without load (MWoL) and moving with load (MWL) were the ones that spend the most time in the operational cycle of the grapple skidder. Among the cost components, monetary expenditure on fuel and operator labor were the most influential in the scheduled machine cost per hour. In conclusion, the tree bunches and slope class influenced the productivity and, consequently, the cost of the skidding operation.

scholarly journals Tree Cover Estimation in Global Drylands from Space Using Deep Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Guirado ◽  
Domingo Alcaraz-Segura ◽  
Javier Cabello ◽  
Sergio Puertas-Ruíz ◽  
Francisco Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Cost

Accurate tree cover mapping is of paramount importance in many fields, from biodiversity conservation to carbon stock estimation, ecohydrology, erosion control, or Earth system modelling. Despite this importance, there is still uncertainty about global forest cover, particularly in drylands. Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) conducted a costly global assessment of dryland forest cover through the visual interpretation of orthoimages using the Collect Earth software, involving hundreds of operators from around the world. Our study proposes a new automatic method for estimating tree cover using artificial intelligence and free orthoimages. Our results show that our tree cover classification model, based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), is 23% more accurate than the manual visual interpretation used by FAO, reaching up to 79% overall accuracy. The smallest differences between the two methods occurred in the driest regions, but disagreement increased with the percentage of tree cover. The application of CNNs could be used to improve and reduce the cost of tree cover maps from the local to the global scale, with broad implications for research and management.

International Whaling Commission

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-702 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Association ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Whaling Commission ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Cost

The eighth annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission took place in London July 16–20, 1956, under the chairmanship of Dr. G. J. Lienesch (Netherlands). All seventeen contracting governments, with the exception of Brazil, were represented, with observers from Italy, Portugal, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, and the International Association of Whaling Companies. During the deliberations the Commission 1) received from the Bureau of International Whaling Statistics data on the operations and the catch for the past season; 2) received various scientific papers concerning the stocks of whales, and almost unanimously favoring a substantial reduction in the catch in view of evidence that the stock was declining, recommended that the catch for future seasons should not exceed 15,000 blue whale units, and, with one dissentient, recommended that the limit should be reduced in the 1956–1957 season to 14,500 blue whales; 3) after examining the returns rendered in respect of infractions of the whaling regulations, noted that, in general, there had been a decrease over the previous year; 4) received further confirmation from the Commissioner of the Soviet Union of the use of fenders of porous rubber to replace the present use of whale carcases for this purpose; 5) allocated an equivalent of $1400 towards the cost of whale marking; and 6) requested the United States to prepare a protocol for the amendment of the convention requiring every factory ship to have on board two inspectors who were generally of the same nationality as the flag of the ship, to permit consideration of a scheme to appoint independent observers in addition to the national inspectors.

A MODIFIED CALIBRATION APPROACH FOR RATIO ESTIMATOR IN STRATIFIED SAMPLING

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-512
Author(s):  
O. M. Olayiwola ◽  
F. S. Apantaku ◽  
Kazeem A. Oyekunle ◽  
A. A. Akintunde ◽  
O. A. Wale-Orojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Ratio Estimator ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Calibration Approach

Calibration is a technique for the adjustment of the original design weight to improve the precision of the survey. There is a dearth of information on calibration approach adapted for survey such that the survey cost is put into consideration.  This research work developed a modified calibration approach for improving survey precision by considering the cost function. Data set on vegetable and tobacco productions (metric tonnes) were considered for this study. The data were obtained from the website of Food and Agriculture Organization. Data used was stratified based on geographical location. The population under study was divided into subpopulation of units, these subpopulations were non-overlapping homogenous sub- group. Observations were drawn within each stratum by simple random sampling with optimum allocation procedure. The proposed estimator was derived and used to determine the linear weight estimator of population parameters. The statistical properties of the derived estimator was examined. Using Lagrange multiplier, Mean Square Error and Relative Efficiency was obtained. The proposed estimator is found to be efficient

scholarly journals Determination and Characterization of Women, Infants, and Young Children's Dietary Diversity in Agricultural Mitigation Period of Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ousmane Ouedraogo ◽  
Ella WR Compaore ◽  
Sabiba KE Amouzou ◽  
Augustin N Zeba ◽  
Mamoudou H Dicko
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Backgroun: The increasing variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients and promotes good health. The main objective was to determine the diet quality of women, infants, and young children in agricultural mitigation period of Burkina Faso. Methods: A 24-h dietary open recall was used to collect all foods taken by women, infants, and young children in Centre-West region of Burkina Faso. The dietary diversity (DD) score was equal to the number of consumed food groups for infants (6-23 months) according to WHO recommendations and for women and young children (24-59 months) according to food and agriculture organization (FAO). Three DD classes were determined for the individual average DD. For each DD class, food consumption profile was determined by food items or groups consumed by at least 50 percent of women, infants, and young children according to FAO guide. Results: The study was conducted among 971 women, 419 infants, and 189 young children. Regarding the dietary diversity score (DDS), 16.3, 39.2, and 44.5 percent of women and 12.7, 49.7, and 37.6 percent of young children had low (< 5), average (= 5), and high (> 5) rates, respectively. Furthermore, DDS was low (< 4), average (= 4) and high (> 4) in 22.9, 12.6, and 64.4 of infants, respectively. The consumption rates of roots/tubers, dairy products, eggs, and fruits were very low regardless of the women, infants, and young children DDS in times of agricultural mitigation. Conclusion: The diet of women and young children was a little more diversified compared to infants.   

Sahelian countries face acute hunger crisis

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Crisis Prevention ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
The Cost

Subject Food shortages and insecurity in the Sahel. Significance The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP) warned in May that 1.6 million children are in danger of acute malnutrition and 5.0 million people are in need of food assistance in the Sahel and parts of West Africa. Drought and conflict have left 7.1 million people in the Sahel in need of food aid, the Food Crisis Prevention Network (RPCA) warned in April. Pastoral societies are severely affected. The range of food shortages and socio-economic crises in the Sahel reflects the region’s vulnerability to annual drought and long-term climate change, as well as challenges posed by insecurity. Impacts France will emphasise counter-terrorism even though the cost of fighting terrorism undermines the Sahel’s capacity to avert food crises. The region will remain vulnerable to annual droughts. Long-term climate change will threaten the sustainability of the rural economy upon which the majority of the population still depend.

scholarly journals Exploring the Experiences of Members of the International Food Safety Authorities Network: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Joseph Savelli ◽  
Céu Mateus ◽  
Jane Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Global Network ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) is a global network of national food safety authorities from 190 countries, managed jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), which aims to facilitate the rapid exchange of information during food safety incidents. A three-phase study of INFOSAN was launched in 2019 to characterize and examine the network as a functional community of practice and determine its value systematically and rigorously from its members' perspectives. The first two phases of the study involved analyzing the INFOSAN Community Website and a survey of all members. The main objective of this third and final phase of the study was to understand the experiences of a small group of INFOSAN members as they relate to various dimensions of membership. A qualitative methodology was employed to provide a deeper understanding of members' experiences and supplement the results from the first two quantitative study phases. Interviews were conducted with ten INFOSAN members from ten geographic regions, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The results offer an understanding of INFOSAN members' experiences in the context of what participation in this global network means to them and relate to five themes concerning trust, learning, health protection, sense of community, and future potential. The findings suggest that focusing on outreach to sustain personal interest, training to improve technical capacity, and advocacy to obtain political buy-in are ways in which the INFOSAN Secretariat could enable participation and create value at the individual, organizational and national levels respectively. Such engagement could translate into more effective international communication during urgent food safety incidents and fewer cases of foodborne illness worldwide.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF FORECASTING THE COST OF A SOFTWARE PRODUCT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Rodionov ◽  
◽  
Anna Ploskonos ◽  
Lesya Gavrutenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Cocomo Model ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The paper analyzes the factors that affect the amount of effort required to create a mobile application and its cost. It is established that the main factors of influence are the design of the application, its functionality, the type of mobile platform, the availability and level of testing and support, as well as the individual characteristics of the developer. Based on the analysis of information sources, the main methods and approaches to forecasting the cost of software products are identified, which include the COCOMO model, Price-to-win method, expert evaluation, algorithmic methods and the method of analogies. It is proposed to consider the method of analogies as a tool that allows you to make predictions about the cost of resources required for the successful implementation of IT projects based on the experience of similar projects. It is proved that the advantages of this method are the simplicity of its implementation and the clarity of the results obtained, which follows from the practical orientation of this tool. Among the limitations of the method of analogy is the mandatory need for reliable data relating to similar projects, as well as the difficulty of taking into account unspecified indicators. Taking into account the mentioned limitations of the method of analogies and on the basis of the analysis of scientific sources the possible directions of its optimization are determined. Thus, among the ways to improve the effectiveness of this method are those aimed at optimizing the project selection process, the data for which are used as a basis for forecasting. Attempts to improve the method of analogies by including parameters that were previously ignored by this technique seem promising. This in turn can lead to an expansion of the scope of the method of analogies and increase the accuracy of forecasts. As prospects for further research, the need to continue research in the field of optimization of the method of analogies with the subsequent practical verification of theoretical positions on the data of real projects.

Food waste and dynamic complex systems: The case of Peru and a solution model proposal Part 1: Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A Almenara
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Revenue Management ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Solution Model ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
The United Nations

[THE MANUSCRIPT IS A DRAFT] According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2020), food waste and losses comprises nearly 1.3 billion tonnes every year, which equates to around US$ 990 billion worldwide. Ironically, over 820 million people do not have enough food to eat (FAO, 2020). This gap production-consumption puts in evidence the need to reformulate certain practices such as the controversial monocropping (i.e., growing a single crop on the same land on a yearly basis), as well as to improve others such as revenue management through intelligent systems. In this first part of a series of articles, the focus is on the Peruvian anchoveta fish (Engraulis ringens).

FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2161-2165
Author(s):  
Hristo Ivanov Popnikolov
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Side

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document