scholarly journals Seasonal Changes and the Interaction between the Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella and Horse Chestnut Leaf Blotch Disease Caused by Guignardia aesculi

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Michal Kopačka ◽  
Gösta Nachman ◽  
Rostislav Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Chestnut Leaf ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The City

The horse chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an invasive pest of horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) and has spread through Europe since 1985. Horse chestnut leaf blotch is a fungal disease caused by Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae) that also seriously damages horse chestnut trees in Europe. The interaction between the leaf miner and the fungus has not yet been sufficiently described. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess leaf damage inflicted to horse chestnut by both C. ohridella and G. aesculi during the vegetation season and to model their interaction. The damage to leaf area was measured monthly from May to September 2013 in České Budějovice, the Czech Republic using digital image analysis of sampled leaves. A simple phenomenological model describing the expected dynamics of the two species was developed. The study revealed that the damage caused by both the pests and the fungus varied significantly among sampling sites within the city. The overall leaf damage exceeded 50% in no-raking sites in August. The mathematical model indicates that infestation by C. ohridella is more affected by G. aesculi than vice versa. Guignardia aesculi is thus the superior competitor of the two species. Our findings highlight the delicate interplay between insect pests and fungal pathogens and the spatiotemporal dynamics influencing them, calling for more research in this understudied area.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes and the Interaction Between the Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella and the Horse Chestnut Leaf Blotch Guignardia aesculi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kopačka ◽  
Gösta Nachman ◽  
Rostislav Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Chestnut Leaf ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Relationship

The horse chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an invasive pest of horse chestnut and has spread through Europe since 1985. The horse chestnut leaf blotch Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae) is a fungal disease that also seriously damages horse chestnut trees in Europe. The interaction between the leaf miner and the fungus has not yet been sufficiently described. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess leaf damage inflicted to horse chestnut by both C. ohridella and G. aesculi during the vegetation season and to model their interaction. The damage to leaf area was measured monthly from May to September 2013 in České Budějovice, the Czech Republic. A simple phenomenological model describing the expected dynamics of the two species was developed. The study revealed a significant effect of sampling site and sampling period on the damage caused by both the pest and the fungus. The mathematical model indicates that infestation by C. ohridella is more affected by G. aesculi than vice versa. The possible mechanisms affecting the relationship between G. aesculi and C. ohridella are discussed.

scholarly journals The influence of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) on the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system of protection of the assimilating organs of Aesculus hippocastanum in an urbogenic environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Shupranova ◽  
K. K. Holoborodko ◽  
O. V. Seliutina ◽  
O. Y. Pakhomov
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

In the last two decades, the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), introduced into the steppe zone of Ukraine, has been severely affected by the horse chestnut leaf miner Camereraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič, 1986, which results in damage to the assimilating organs, premature leaf defoliation and, as a consequence, a significant reduction in the reserve substances required for normal life of the plant. In recent studies, the main focus has been placed on the study of the pest’s effects on the non-enzymatic antioxidant protection system of the representatives of the genus Aesculus, while the enzymatic system of horse chestnut protection from the active forms of oxygen under stress is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reaction of catalase and two peroxidases of A. hippocastanum leaves, which differ in the level of damage by C. ohridella. The intensity of damage to A. hippocastanum leaves by the horse chestnut leaf miner in the park zones and botanical gardens of Dnipro city was determined, the activity and isoenzyme composition of benzidine-peroxidase, activity of guaiacol-peroxidase and catalase were measured. The lowest average benzidine-peroxidase activity was found in the group of trees with low level of leaf blight and the highest activity – in the group with high level. The opposite dependence was shown by catalase, the activity of which significantly decreases with increasing level of damage inflicted by the phytophage on the chestnut’s assimilating organs. Based on the determination of the variation coefficients, it has been shown that benzidine-peroxidase activity has a higher level of variability than that of catalase and guaiacol-peroxidase. It is established that under the influence of the leaf miner, activity of guaiacol-peroxidase was significantly higher by 87.1% and 75.6%, respectively, for medium and high levels of damage caused to the leaf by this phytophage as compared to that for low levels of damage. The increased level of leaf damage caused by the phytophage is reflected in the change in the isozyme profile of benzidine-peroxidase. The high activity of benzidine-peroxidase in the leaves of A. hippocastanum is due to the presence of several molecular forms that exhibit maximum activity in the narrow pH range (4.15–4.69). Quantitative redistribution of activity between the different molecular forms of benzidine peroxidase can be considered as the main regularity of changes in the expression of benzidine-peroxidase caused by different levels of leaf damage. The results showed that only one benzidine-peroxidase isoform with an isoelectric point of 4.15 shows a significant increase in activity (on average by 2.1 times) in A. hippocastanum leaves with medium and high levels of damage by C. ohridella. Significant reduction in activity is reported for dominant isoperoxidase with an isoelectric point of 4.25 revealing medium pest damage, and for high damage only a decreasing tendency is shown. The data obtained show that horse chestnut trees can specifically respond to mechanical damage by C. ohridella to leaves due to the changes in the activity of individual molecular forms of peroxidase. Further studies of oxidative metabolism are needed to understand the formation of resistance of representatives of the Aesculus genus to damage caused by this moth species based on a wider range of redox enzymes.

scholarly journals Diversity and abundance of Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in an urban environment: a comparison between Greece and the Czech Republic

Acarologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Michal Kopačka ◽  
Theodoros I. Stathakis ◽  
Georgios Broufas ◽  
Georgios Th. Papadoulis ◽  
Rostislav Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Euseius Finlandicus ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae), is a large deciduous tree native to a small area in the Pindus Mountain mixed forests and the Balkan mixed forests of Southeast Europe. It was introduced to most countries in Europe mainly for ornamental purposes. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence, species composition and population densities of phytoseiid mites on A. hippocastanum in countries where this tree species is autochthonous and to compare them with Central Europe. In addition, we tested whether the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi has any effect on Phytoseiidae population density. Leaf samples were collected in the cities of České Budějovice, Czech Republic and Orestiada, Greece in September 2013 and 2015, respectively. Thirty compound leaves were randomly taken from tree branches up to 2.5 m above ground in both localities. Mites were collected by washing the leaves in ethanol and were then mounted in lactic acid and identified. A total of 441 specimens of phytoseiid mites belonging to six species (Euseius finlandicus, Neoseiulella tiliarum, Kampimodromus aberrans, Paraseiulus talbii, Phytoseius macropilis and Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri) were collected. A significantly higher population density of Phytoseiidae was found in České Budějovice. The density was not affected by the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi. Euseius finlandicus was the predominant species in both České Budějovice (96.8%) and Orestiada (48.4%) where, however, it competed with K. aberrans (42.9%).

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Soil Drenches Provide Partial Reductions in Symptoms of Apple Scab of Ornamental Trees and Guignardia Leaf Blotch of Horse Chestnut

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
G.C. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Abstract A three year field trial was conducted using established apple (Malus cv. Crown Gold) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) to assess the efficacy of paclobutrazol (PBZ) root drenches against the foliar pathogens apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Wint.,) and Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi (Peck) VB Stewart). In the case of horse chestnut, pathogen severity of Guignardia leaf blotch was less (23–79%) in each of the three-year experimental periods in PBZ-treated trees compared to non-treated controls. Pathogen severity of apple scab was not affected during the first year after PBZ application; however, less (25–73%) disease severity was recorded in years 2 and 3 compared to non-PBZ treated controls. An increased PBZ concentration was associated with lower pathogen severity of both fungal pathogens. Irrespective of species, less pathogen severity in PBZ-treated trees was accompanied with greater leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (16–49%) values as measures of leaf photosynthetic efficiency. Marked differences in growth regulation between apple cv. Crown Gold (tolerant) and horse chestnut (sensitive) were recorded. PBZ applications resulted in less mean stem extension in both tree species but only reduced mean leaf size of horse chestnut. Based on the results of this investigation it is suggested that PBZ root drenches potentially offer a means of reducing the severity of apple scab and Guignardia leaf blotch for professionals involved with the nursery industry. However, where a zero pathogen control policy is required supplementary fungicide sprays would be needed. Similarly, the potential loss of aesthetics due to excessive growth regulation needs to be weighed against the benefits of pathogen protection and failure of PBZ to achieve total pathogen control may result in strong selection pressure for PBZ resistance in surviving populations.

scholarly journals Effect of the outbreak of horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić) on tree-ring width in common horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cedro ◽  
Grzegorz Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

Abstract Common horse-chestnut is frequently infested by the insect pest horse-chestnut leaf miner [HCLM; Cameraria ohridella (Deschka & Dimić, 1986), Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera]. The larvae, feeding on leaf parenchyma, cause browning and dehydration of leaves, which may be shed as early as in summer. The major aims of this study were: (1) to assess the effect of infestation by HCLM on ring-width dynamics in common horse-chestnut; (2) to determine the date of invasion of the pest; and (3) to compare the growth-climate response in the period before and after the invasion of HCLM. In 2017 in north-western Poland, samples from 30 horse-chestnut trees for the dendrochronological analysis were taken with help of a Pressler increment borer. The ring-width chronology was developed using standard dendrochronological methods. Dendroclimatological analyses were made in 2 periods: before the determined date of HCLM invasion (till the year 1999) and after the invasion (in 20002016). In 2000, in spite of favourable weather conditions, a reduced growth rate was observed in 91% of the analysed trees. The period of strong reductions lasted till 2010. Before the invasion, radial growth rate was dependent on temperature and precipitation in May and June of the current year, whereas after the invasion, the growth-climate response was dependent on temperature and precipitation in the preceding year and the correlation was stronger. Surprisingly, in recent years (2011–2016), in spite of infestation by HCLM every year, the health condition of the analysed trees has improved and tree-ring width has increased.

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